Paxlovid-Tacrolimus Drug–Drug Interaction in a 23-Year-Old Female Kidney Transplant Patient with COVID-19
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Berar Yanay N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9272856 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Kidney transplant recipients with tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive therapy are often treated with proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) to prevent gastric ulcer complications. Vonoprazan, a potassium-competitive acid blocker, is a novel PPI possessing different metabolic pathways from conventional PPIs (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole and rabeprazole). However, no data are available on the change in blood concentration of tacrolimus after switching rabeprazole, a conventional PPI, to vonoprazan coadministration in the initial period of post-transplantation. This is a retrospective study of 18 kidney transplant recipients. The blood concentration and the concentration to dose (C/D) ratio of tacrolimus were compared before and after switching from rabeprazole to vonoprazan. Impacts of CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on the drug-drug interaction were also examined. The median (range) trough concentration of tacrolimus was significantly increased from 5.2 (3.6-7.4) to 8.1 (6.1-11.7) ng/mL (p < 0.0005) after switching from rabeprazole to vonoprazan. The C/D ratio of tacrolimus was also significantly increased from 38.1 (16.5-138.1) to 48.9 (26.2-207.2) (p < 0.0005). The percent changes of tacrolimus concentrations and C/D were 65.8% and 41.8%, respectively. CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms did not affect the change in concentration and C/D ratio of tacrolimus. The present study indicates that vonoprazan coadministration increases the tacrolimus concentration regardless of CYP2C19 or CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms. Thus, frequent monitoring of blood tacrolimus concentration is required when vonoprazan is introduced as an intensive gastric acid blocker in the early phase of post-transplantation.
| S-EPMC8432116 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study quantifies the interaction between tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in kidney transplant recipients. Concentrations of TAC, mycophenolic acid (MPA), and metabolites were analyzed and relevant genotypes were determined from 32 patients. A population model was developed to estimate the effect of interaction. Concentrations of TAC were simulated in clinical scenarios and dose-adjusted trough concentrations per dose (C/D) were compared. Effect of interaction was described as the inverse exponential relationship. Major determinants of trough levels of TAC were CYP3A5 genotype and interaction with MPA. The absolute difference in C/D of TAC according to co-administered MMF was higher in CYP3A5 non-expressers (0.55 ng/mL) than in CYP3A5 expressers (0.35 ng/mL). The effect of MMF in determining the TAC exposure is more pronounced in CYP3A5 non-expressers. Based on population pharmacokinetic model, we suggest the TAC dosing algorithm considering the effects of CYP3A5 and MMF drug interaction in stable kidney transplant recipients.
| S-EPMC6692323 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Abstract Background Tacrolimus toxicity in patient’s status post-orthotropic heart transplantation is not commonly reported. Given its narrow therapeutic window and drug–drug interactions, it must be closely monitored by providers who are experienced in transplant management. There are no case series of patients with tacrolimus toxicity in the setting of treatment for Sars-2-CoV-19 (COVID 19) for heart-transplant recipients. We present a case of tacrolimus toxicity in the setting of concurrent ritonavir–nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) use. Case summary The patient was a 74-year-old male with a prior significant history of heart transplantation and on maintenance immunosuppression with tacrolimus. He contracted COVID-19 and was prescribed antiviral therapy with Paxlovid by an outside provider prior to admission. The patient complained of severe headaches, dehydration, and tremors. After eliminating acute intracranial processes with imaging, laboratory investigation revealed a severely elevated tacrolimus level with acute renal injury. The patient was taken off tacrolimus and treated conservatively with intravenous hydration. The symptoms improved, particularly the headaches. He was discharged with instructions to resume his home dosing of tacrolimus and return to clinic in 1 week with a repeat trough level. The subsequent trough level was no longer supra-therapeutic. Discussion Tacrolimus has a potent drug-drug interaction with Paxlovid (ritonavir-nirmatrelvir) and can be supra-therapeutic. Toxicity is associated with multiple adverse effects, including but not limited to, acute renal injury, neurotoxicity, and infections due to over-immunosuppression. As Paxlovid is effective in treating Sars-2-CoV-19 in heart-transplant recipients, knowledge and understanding of drug-drug interactions is crucial in preventing and mitigating toxicity.
| S-EPMC10220502 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimDetermine the effect of the genetic variants beyond CYP3A5*3 on tacrolimus disposition.Patients & methodsWe studied genetic correlates of tacrolimus trough concentrations with POR*28, CYP3A4*22 and ABCC2 haplotypes in a large, ethnically diverse kidney transplant cohort (n = 2008).ResultsSubjects carrying one or more CYP3A5*1 alleles had lower tacrolimus trough concentrations (p = 9.2 × 10(-75)). The presence of one or two POR*28 alleles was associated with a 4.63% reduction in tacrolimus trough concentrations after adjusting for CYP3A5*1 and clinical factors (p = 0.037). In subset analyses, POR*28 was significant only in CYP3A5*3/*3 carriers (p = 0.03). The CYP3A4*22 variant and the ABBC2 haplotypes were not associated.ConclusionThis study confirmed that CYP3A5*1 was associated with lower tacrolimus trough concentrations. POR*28 was associated with decreased tacrolimus trough concentrations although the effect was small possibly through enhanced CYP3A4 enzyme activity. CYP3A4*22 and ABCC2 haplotypes did not influence tacrolimus trough concentrations. Original submitted 19 December 2014; Revision submitted 2 April 2015.
| S-EPMC4527535 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCalcineurin inhibitors, including tacrolimus, remain a cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy after kidney transplantation. However, the therapeutic window is narrow, and nephrotoxic side effects occur with overdose, while the risk of alloimmunization and graft rejection increases with underdose. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) allows quantification of tacrolimus in biological samples from patients. This study investigates the feasibility of quantifying tacrolimus in scalp hair from kidney transplant (KT) recipients and correlates hair tacrolimus concentrations with tacrolimus dosage and blood trough levels. The aim was to provide proof-of-principle for hair tacrolimus drug monitoring in KT recipients.MethodSingle-center prospective study between September 9, 2021 and December 4, 2021, including KT recipients under tacrolimus. Minors, patients with active skin or hair diseases, and patients with scalp hair shorter than 4 cm were excluded from participation. Scalp hair was collected from the posterior vertex of patients, cut into segments, and analyzed for tacrolimus by LC-MS/MS. Patients filled out a questionnaire on hair treatments and washing habits. In parallel, tacrolimus trough levels were measured in whole blood and correlated with hair tacrolimus concentrations.ResultsIn total, 39 consenting KT recipients were included, and hair samples were collected at 53 visits. Tacrolimus was detected in 98% of hair samples from patients exposed to the drug. Tacrolimus hair levels and whole blood trough levels were correlated with a beta coefficient of 0.42 (95% CI: -0.22-1.1, p = n.s.). Age and dark hair affected hair tacrolimus measurements, while different tacrolimus formulations (immediate release vs. extended release), hair washes, and permanent coloring did not. Longitudinal measurements in a subgroup of patients indicate that long-term measurement of hair tacrolimus levels is feasible.ConclusionMeasuring tacrolimus in hair is a potentially reliable method to monitor drug exposure in KT patients. Rapid wash-in effects and consistent concentrations over time indicate that tacrolimus is incorporated into the hair matrix, allowing temporal resolution in the analysis of recent exposure and exposure history. This method provides a simple and low-risk alternative to regular blood sampling, sparing patients from frequent hospital visits through the self-collection of hair samples.
| S-EPMC10726046 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pharmacokinetic analyses comparing generic tacrolimus preparations versus the reference drug in kidney transplant patients are lacking. A prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized, two-period (14 days per period), two-sequence, crossover and steady-state pharmacokinetic study was undertaken to compare twice-daily generic tacrolimus (Sandoz) versus reference tacrolimus (Prograf®) in stable renal transplant patients. AUC(0-12h) and peak concentration (C(max) ) were calculated from 12 h pharmacokinetic profiles at the end of each period (days 14 and 28). Of 71 patients enrolled, 68 provided evaluable pharmacokinetic data. The ratios of geometric means were 1.02 (90% CI 97-108%, p = 0.486) for AUC(0-12h) and 1.09 (90% CI 101-118%, p = 0.057) for C(max) . Mean (SD) C(0) was 7.3(1.8) ng/mL for generic tacrolimus versus 7.0(2.1) ng/mL for reference tacrolimus based on data from days 14 and 28. Correlations between 12 h trough levels and AUC were r = 0.917 for generic tacrolimus and r = 0.887 for reference drug at day 28. These data indicate that generic tacrolimus (Sandoz) has a similar pharmacokinetic profile to the reference drug and is bioequivalent in kidney transplant recipients according to US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency guidelines.
| S-EPMC3472020 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Patients facing severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections with comorbidities, especially patients whose immune system is weakened have higher chances to face severe outcomes. One of the main reasons behind the suppression of the immune system is iatrogenic, in patients who have autoimmune diseases and/or had an organ transplant. Although there are studies that are examining immunocompromised and/or transplanted patients with COVID-19 infection, furthermore there is a limited number of studies available which are dealing with COVID-19 in pregnant women; however, it is unique and is worth reporting when these factors are coexisting. In this study, we present the case of a 33-year-old Caucasian pregnant woman, who had a kidney transplant in 2009 and contracted the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the 26th gestational week, in 2021. After her infection, superimposed preeclampsia was diagnosed and due to the worsening flowmetric parameters, she gave birth to a premature male newborn with cesarean section. Our kidney transplant patient's case highlights how COVID-19 disease can lead to preeclampsia and artificial termination of gestation.
| S-EPMC9468219 | biostudies-literature
Project description:While Jehovah's Witness (JW) patients refuse transfusions of blood or blood products, they are willing to accept renal allograft transplantation. We describe here a case of what we believe is the oldest (a 70-year-old) JW candidate to undergo a deceased donor kidney transplant reported in the literature. Prior to transplantation, discussions ensued amongst the multidisciplinary transplant team, weighing the potential benefits vs. risks of performing a kidney transplant on this patient due to her refusal (due to religion) to accept any blood transfusions or blood products combined with her advanced age and having longstanding insulin-dependent, type 2 diabetes mellitus with extensive peripheral vascular disease. Preoperatively, we believed that the odds were in favor of performing the kidney transplant safely without the need for any blood product usage. However, her post-operative course was complicated by severe anemia, which developed by post-transplant day 4. The anemia incapacitated the patient's physical and psychological state, creating medical, social and financial burdens on the patient, family, medical team and hospital. Both family and patient grew concerned about her overall condition. Blood transfusion was offered in order to improve her weakness and shortness of breath that developed due to the severe anemia, but the patient (along with her family) refused such treatment. During the 17 days of hospitalization, it was a continuous struggle between the transplant team, patient, and family for her to continue with the recovery process; at times we had even considered that performing the transplant had been a mistake. While organ transplantation can be performed safely in Jehovah's Witnesses, there are multiple factors seen in this particular case that warrant analyzing: (I) the potential use of stricter transplant exclusionary criteria, given the recipient's advanced age and preexisting co-morbidities, which likely increased her risk of developing severe anemia post-operatively, and (II) the recipient's emotional/psychological post-operative state of high anxiety, which developed while she was experiencing the severe anemia; in hindsight, her anxiety level may have been reduced if we had offered daily post-operative psychological counseling sessions. While the patient's allograft is currently doing well, we probably did not have strict enough criteria for proper selection of a JW candidate for kidney transplantation.
| S-EPMC7607081 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Tacrolimus is dependent on CYP3A5 enzyme for metabolism. Expression of the CYP3A5 enzyme is controlled by several alleles including CYP3A5*1, CYP3A5*3, CYP3A5*6 and CYP3A5*7. African Americans (AAs) have on average higher tacrolimus dose requirements than Caucasians; however, some have requirements similar to Caucasians. Studies in AAs have primarily evaluated the CYP3A5*3 variant; however, there are other common nonfunctional variants in AAs (CYP3A5*6 and CYP3A5*7) that do not occur in Caucasians. These variants are associated with lower dose requirements and may explain why some AAs are metabolically similar to Caucasians. We created a tacrolimus clearance model in 354 AAs using a development and validation cohort. Time after transplant, steroid and antiviral use, age and CYP3A5*1, *3, *6 and *7 alleles were significant toward clearance. This study is the first to develop an AA-specific genotype-guided tacrolimus dosing model to personalize therapy.
| S-EPMC4909584 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC9171318 | biostudies-literature