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Liquid- and Solid-based Separations Employing Ionic Liquids for the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals Typically Encountered in Catalytic Converters: A Review.

ABSTRACT: The wide application range and ascending demand for platinum group metals combined with the progressive depletion of their natural resources renders their efficient recycling a very important and pressing matter. Primarily environmental considerations associated with state-of-the-art recovery processes have shifted the focus of the scientific community toward the investigation of alternative recycling approaches. Within this context, ionic liquids have gained considerable attention in the last two decades chiefly sparked by properties such as tunabilty, low-volatility, and relatively easy recyclability. In this review an understanding of the state-of-the-art processes, including their drawbacks and limitations, is provided. The core of the discussion is focused on platinum group metal recovery with ionic liquid-based systems. A brief insight in some environmental considerations related to ionic liquids is also provided while some discussion on research gaps, common misconceptions related to ionic liquids and outlook on unresolved issues could not be absent from this review.

SUBMITTER: Lanaridi O

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9306556 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A thermophysical investigation of weakly coordinated metals in ionic liquids.

Project description:Ionic liquids can solvate metals without strongly coordinating them, which gives a rare opportunity to probe the complexity of weakly coordinated metals through characterisation of liquid properties. In this work we use bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (i.e. bistriflimide; [NTf2]-) anions to prepare weakly coordinated metal containing ionic liquids (MILs) that are highly versatile because they are reactive with readily substituted ligands. Weakly coordinated metals are more than highly active catalysts. They are primed to create dynamic systems that are useful in other areas such as battery electrolytes, soft materials, and separations. However, very little is known about the properties of ionic liquids with weakly coordinated metals, so we present a wide scope analysis of nineteen 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ILs with five different M[NTf2] n salts (M = Li, Mg, Zn, Co, Ni) in variable concentration to understand how metal cations influence thermophysical properties. We investigate short- and long-term thermal stability, decomposition kinetics, and decomposition mechanisms which provides operating windows and knowledge on how to improve stability. In particular, we find that all metals catalyse the elimination decomposition process, which severely compromises thermal stability. Alongside this, we present a detailed analysis of viscosities, densities, and heat capacities, the latter of which revealed that bistriflimide metal ILs are prone to drawing water from the air to form strong hydration spheres. Thermal parameters are affected to varying degrees, but desorption is possible under elevated temperatures - further justifying the need to know upper temperature limits. Altogether, this work provides a broad and methodical study to help understand solvent-solute interactions and thus design better systems for emerging applications that utilise weakly coordinated metals.

| S-EPMC11351778 | biostudies-literature

Building an electrochemical series of metals in pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids.

Project description:An electrochemical series of pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids is established by designing a redox system where only one kind of anion is present in the electrolyte and metal ions are supplied by anodic dissolution. This is the first report where an electrochemical series is established in pure ionic liquids.

| S-EPMC9055058 | biostudies-literature

Transcriptional toxicity of imidazolium- and cholinium-based ionic liquids

Project description:Ionic Liquids are a broad group of salts with low melting points that can be specifically tuned for a broad range of applications. Despite being initially considered “green” solvents, their better environmental friendliness compared to traditional solvents has been increasingly challenged. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular effects of ILs exposure by using RNA-sequencing to study differential gene expression patterns. Thus, we exposed Daphnia magna to 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim]Cl), 1-dodecyl chloride-3-methylimidazolium ([C12mim]Cl) and cholinium chloride ([Chol]Cl). Results suggest that the three ILs share several mechanisms of toxicity, including cellular membrane and cytoskeleton damage, oxidative stress, inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial affectation, changes in protein biosynthesis and energy production, DNA damage, and ultimately, programmed cell death and disease initiation. Overall, the dataset revealed that [C2mim]Cl and [C12mim]Cl were, respectively, the least and the most toxic ILs at the transcriptional level. Also, it is reinforced that [Chol]Cl is not devoid of environmental hazardous potential. Unique gene expression signatures could also be identified for each IL.

2021-08-13 | GSE156769 | GEO

Integrated Leaching and Separation of Metals Using Mixtures of Organic Acids and Ionic Liquids.

Project description:In this work, the aqueous phase diagram for the mixture of the hydrophilic tributyltetradecyl phosphonium ([P44414]Cl) ionic liquid with acetic acid (CH3COOH) is determined, and the temperature dependency of the biphasic region established. Molecular dynamic simulations of the [P44414]Cl + CH3COOH + H2O system indicate that the occurrence of a closed "type 0" biphasic regime is due to a "washing-out" phenomenon upon addition of water, resulting in solvophobic segregation of the [P44414]Cl. The solubility of various metal oxides in the anhydrous [P44414]Cl + CH3COOH system was determined, with the system presenting a good selectivity for CoO. Integration of the separation step was demonstrated through the addition of water, yielding a biphasic regime. Finally, the [P44414]Cl + CH3COOH system was applied to the treatment of real waste, NiMH battery black mass, being shown that it allows an efficient separation of Co(II) from Ni(II), Fe(III) and the lanthanides in a single leaching and separation step.

| S-EPMC7729566 | biostudies-literature

A universal and scalable transformation of bulk metals into single-atom catalysts in ionic liquids.

Project description:Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with maximized metal atom utilization and intriguing properties are of utmost importance for energy conversion and catalysis science. However, the lack of a straightforward and scalable synthesis strategy of SACs on diverse support materials remains the bottleneck for their large-scale industrial applications. Herein, we report a general approach to directly transform bulk metals into single atoms through the precise control of the electrodissolution-electrodeposition kinetics in ionic liquids and demonstrate the successful applicability of up to twenty different monometallic SACs and one multimetallic SAC with five distinct elements. As a case study, the atomically dispersed Pt was electrodeposited onto Ni3N/Ni-Co-graphene oxide heterostructures in varied scales (up to 5 cm × 5 cm) as bifunctional catalysts with the electronic metal-support interaction, which exhibits low overpotentials at 10 mA cm-2 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, 30 mV) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER, 263 mV) with a relatively low Pt loading (0.98 wt%). This work provides a simple and practical route for large-scale synthesis of various SACs with favorable catalytic properties on diversified supports using alternative ionic liquids and inspires the methodology on precise synthesis of multimetallic single-atom materials with tunable compositions.

| S-EPMC10927526 | biostudies-literature

Novel 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate-Based Task-Specific Ionic Liquids for an Efficient Extraction of Heavy Metals.

Project description:Ionic liquids (ILs) are per definition salts with melting points below 100°C and might be green alternatives for the extraction of heavy metals from aqueous solutions due to their favorable environmental and physico-chemical properties. Partial solution during extraction, so-called leaching, however, limits their applicability. The present study synthesizes three novel ammonium and phosphonium ILs based on 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid-trihexyltetradecylphosphonium-([P66614]), methyltrioctylphosphonium-([P1888]), and methyltrioctylammonium 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate ([N1888][HNA])-by a deprotonation-metathesis route. The aims were to improve stability during extraction while still achieving high selectivity toward heavy metal ions, as well as to study the impact of different alkyl chains and the central atom of the cation on physico-chemical properties, extraction efficacy, and leaching. Extraction capabilities for the seven heavy metals Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb were studied in pure water at pH 8.0. Further experiments were conducted in water containing 30 g L-1 NaCl to simulate a seawater matrix and/or 30 mg L-1 humic acids, as well as metal-spiked natural water samples. All three ILs showed extraction efficacies ≥90% for Cu and Pb after 24 h. Overall, extraction efficacies for Ag, Cd, Cu, and Pb were highest for drinking water samples. Ag and Cd extraction was increased by up to 41% in (hyper-) saline samples using IL [P66614][HNA] compared with pure water samples. Leaching values were reduced down to 0.07% loss of the applied IL, which can be attributed to the hydrophobic character of 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate. Our results represent a positive development toward a greener extraction of heavy metals from natural waters.

| S-EPMC5974967 | biostudies-literature

Dissolution behavior of precious metals and selective palladium leaching from spent automotive catalysts by trihalide ionic liquids.

Project description:The dissolution behavior of the precious metals gold, platinum, rhodium and palladium in the trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium trihalide ionic liquids [P66614][Cl3], [P66614][Br3], [P66614][IBr2] and [P66614][I3] was investigated. The highest dissolution rates were observed for the trichloride ionic liquid [P66614][Cl3] and this system was investigated in more detail. The effects of the trichloride concentration in the ionic liquid and temperature were studied, reaching higher leaching rates at higher trichloride conversions and increased temperatures. The stability of the trichloride anion at these elevated temperatures was studied by Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the trichloride anion decomposed during leaching at higher temperatures, showing the requirement to store these reactive compounds in sealed and cool environments, shielded from light. The optimal leaching conditions were applied for the recovery of palladium from ceramic monolith powder, obtained from end-of-life automotive catalysts. The catalyst powder was contacted with the ionic liquid [P66614][Cl3] and the metal concentrations in the ionic liquid were monitored. The trihalide ionic liquid allowed a more selective leaching of palladium compared to other metals present at very high concentrations in the monolith structure, like magnesium. The relative ratio of palladium over magnesium increased by two orders of magnitude compared to the original catalyst composition. The effect of the contact time between the catalyst powder and the ionic liquid on the metal concentrations in the leachate was investigated, but no significant improvement in the selectivity was observed.

| S-EPMC8695518 | biostudies-literature

Deconvoluting the Combined Effects of Gas Composition and Temperature on Olefin Selectivity for Separations Using Silver(I) Ions in Ionic Liquids

Project description:Silver(I) ions have the propensity of undergoing reduction

| S-EPMC9936803 | biostudies-literature

Cyclic phosphonium ionic liquids.

Project description:Ionic liquids (ILs) incorporating cyclic phosphonium cations are a novel category of materials. We report here on the synthesis and characterization of four new cyclic phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ILs with aliphatic and aromatic pendant groups. In addition to the syntheses of these novel materials, we report on a comparison of their properties with their ammonium congeners. These exemplars are slightly less conductive and have slightly smaller self-diffusion coefficients than their cyclic ammonium congeners.

| S-EPMC3944138 | biostudies-literature

Catalytic preparation of levulinic acid from cellobiose via Bronsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquids functional catalysts.

Project description:Brønsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquids (ILs) were applied to catalyze cellobiose to prepare levulinic acid (LA) in one pot under hydrothermal conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the highest LA yield of 67.51% was obtained when low [HO3S-(CH2)3-mim]Cl-FeCl3 (molar fraction of FeCl3 x = 0.60) was used. This indicated the Brønsted-Lewis acidic ILs played an active role in the conversion of cellobiose to LA. The catalytic mechanism of ILs had been established, disclosing that the Brønsted-Lewis acidic ILs had the catalytic synergistic effect originating from its double acid sites. During the reaction process, the Lewis acid sites improved the isomerization of glucose to fructose, then the Brønsted and Lewis acid sites simultaneously enhanced the dehydration of fructose to produce hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which was propitious to the synthesize LA with high yield. In addition, LA could be easily extracted by methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), and the ILs could retain its basic activity after 5 cycles. The solid residues were characterized using SEM, FT-IR and TG-DTG spectroscopy. It was the conclusion that a large amount of humins were produced during the cellobiose conversion process. In this reaction, the ILs not only overcomes the problems of the conventional catalyst, but also completes the reaction-separation integration and the recycling of the catalyst. This paper provided an important theoretical basis for the application of ILs in the field of biomass.

| S-EPMC6372595 | biostudies-literature

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