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Combined Application of Manure and Chemical Fertilizers Alters Soil Environmental Variables and Improves Soil Fungal Community Composition and Rice Grain Yield

ABSTRACT: Soil microorganisms play vital roles in energy flow and soil nutrient cycling and, thus, are important for crop production. A detailed understanding of the complex responses of microbial communities to diverse organic manure and chemical fertilizers (CFs) is crucial for agroecosystem sustainability. However, little is known about the response of soil fungal communities and soil nutrients to manure and CFs, especially under double-rice cropping systems. In this study, we investigated the effects of the application of combined manure and CFs to various fertilization strategies, such as no N fertilizer (Neg-CF); 100% chemical fertilizer (Pos-CF); 60% cattle manure (CM) + 40% CF (high-CM); 30% CM + 70% CF (low-CM); 60% poultry manure (PM) + 40% CF (high-PM), and 30% PM + 70% CF (low-PM) on soil fungal communities' structure and diversity, soil environmental variables, and rice yield. Results showed that synthetic fertilizer plus manure addition significantly increased the soil fertility and rice grain yield compared to sole CFs' application. Moreover, the addition of manure significantly changed the soil fungal community structure and increased the relative abundance of fungi such as phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Rozellomycota. The relative abundances dramatically differed at each taxonomic level, especially between manured and non-manured regimes. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) exhibited greater impacts of the addition of manure amendments than CFs on fungal community distributions. Redundancy analysis showed that the dominant fungal phyla were positively correlated with soil pH, soil organic C (SOC), total N, and microbial biomass C, and the fungal community structure was strongly affected by SOC. Network analysis explored positive relationships between microorganisms and could increase their adaptability in relevant environments. In addition, the structural equation model (SEM) shows the relationship between microbial biomass, soil nutrients, and rice grain yield. The SEM showed that soil nutrient contents and their availability directly affect rice grain yield, while soil fungi indirectly affect grain yield through microbial biomass production and nutrient levels. Our results suggest that manure application combined with CFs altered soil biochemical traits and soil fungal community structure and counteracted some of the adverse effects of the synthetic fertilizer. Overall, the findings of this research suggest that the integrated application of CF and manure is a better approach for improving soil health and rice yield.

SUBMITTER: Iqbal A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9330912 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Excessive reliance on chemical fertilizer (CF) in conventional farming is a serious concern owing to its negative effects on soil health, the environment, and crop productivity. Organic manure is an alternative source of fertilizer to reduce the amount of CF usage in agriculture, decrease environmental pollution, and ensure sustainable crop production. This study assessed the integrated effect of poultry manure (PM) and cattle manure (CM) with CF on soil properties, plant physiology, and rice grain yield. Additionally, the difference in pre-and post-anthesis dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation and their relationship with grain yield was also determined. Pot experiments were performed in the early and late growing season at the experimental station of Guangxi University, China, in 2018. A total of six treatments, i.e., T1-CF0; T2-100% CF; T3-60% CM + 40% CF; T4-30% CM + 70% CF; T5-60% PM + 40% CF, and T6-30% PM + 70% CF were used in this pot experiment. Results showed that T6 enhanced leaf photosynthetic efficiency by 11% and 16%, chlorophyll content by 8% and 11%, panicle number by 12% and 16%, and grain yield by 11% and 15% in the early and late seasons, respectively, compared to T2. Similarly1, post-anthesis N and DM accumulation, N uptake, and soil properties (i.e., soil organic carbon, total N, and bulk density) were improved with integrated CF and manure treatments over the sole CF treatments. Interestingly, increases in post-anthesis N uptake and DM production were further supported by enhanced N-metabolizing enzyme activities (i.e., nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate oxoglutarate aminotransferase during the grain-filling period in combined treatments. In-addition, the linear regression analysis showed that post-anthesis DM (R2 = 0.95) and N (R2 = 0.96) accumulation were highly associated with grain yield of rice. Thus, the combination of 30% N from PM or CM with 70% N from CF (i.e., urea) is a promising option for improvement of soil quality and rice grain yield. Furthermore, our study provides a sustainable nutrient management plan to increase rice yield with high N use efficiency.

Project description:IntroductionThe continuous application of cow manure in soil for many years leads to the accumulation of heavy metals, pathogenic microorganisms, and antibiotic resistance genes. Therefore, in recent years, cow manure has often been mixed with botanical oil meal as organic fertilizer applied to farmland to improve soil and crop quality. However, the effects of various botanical oil meal and cow manure mixed organic fertilizers on soil microbial composition, community structure, and function, tobacco yield, and quality remain unclear.MethodsTherefore, we prepared organic manure via solid fermentation by mixing cow manure with different oil meals (soybean meal, rape meal, peanut bran, sesame meal). Then, we studied its effects on soil microbial community structure and function, physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, tobacco yield and quality; then we analyzed the correlations between these factors.Results and discussionCompared with cow manure alone, the four kinds of mixed botanical oil meal and cow manure improved the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco to different degrees. Peanut bran, which significantly improved the soil available phosphorus, available potassium, and NO3--N, was the best addition. Compared with cow manure alone, soil fungal diversity was significantly decreased when rape meal or peanut bran was combined with cow manure, while soil bacterial and fungal abundance was significantly increased when rape meal was added compared with soybean meal or peanut bran. The addition of different botanical oil meals significantly enriched the subgroup_7 and Spingomonas bacteria and Chaetomium and Penicillium fungi in the soil. The relative abundances of functional genes of xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, soil endophytic fungi, and wood saprotroph functional groups increased. In addition, alkaline phosphatase had the greatest effect on soil microorganisms, while NO3--N had the least effect on soil microorganisms. In conclusion, the mixed application of cow manure and botanical oil meal increased the available phosphorus and potassium contents in soil; enriched beneficial microorganisms; promoted the metabolic function of soil microorganisms; increased the yield and quality of tobacco; and improved the soil microecology.

Project description:Background:In parts of Cambodia, irrigation with groundwater results in arsenic accumulation in soils and rice, leading to health concerns associated with rice consumption. A high concentration of iron in groundwater can precipitate arsenic and reduce its bioavailability, however high concentrations of arsenic and iron can also reduce rice production. Furthermore, concerns have been raised about chemical contamination from inorganic fertilizers used to grow rice. The relationship between soil geochemistry and arsenic concentrations in rice is not yet fully understood. Objectives:The primary objective of this project was to investigate the relationship between arsenic concentrations in irrigation water, soil and rice collected from different sites in Cambodia. A secondary objective was to explore arsenic and phosphorus levels in fertilizer samples obtained from the study area in Cambodia. Methods:The present study collected 61 well water samples, 105 rice samples, 70 soil samples, 11 inorganic fertilizer samples and conducted interviews with 44 families along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Analyses for metals, total arsenic, and arsenic species in the water and rice were conducted in Canada by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyses for metals, total arsenic and phosphorus in soils and inorganic fertilizers were conducted in Cambodia and Singapore by X-ray fluorescence. Results:The concentration of arsenic in rice paddy soils was highly variable and as much as 20 times higher near the irrigation wells than in more distal areas of the paddy. Two farmers in Preak Russey had integrated soil samples with arsenic levels above the concentration associated with toxicity to rice in Taiwan (40 mg/kg) and above the Dutch concentration requiring intervention or remediation (55 mg/kg). The highest total arsenic measured in soil was 95 mg/kg. In Preak Russey, the loading of arsenic from irrigation water was 3710 times greater than the loading of arsenic from inorganic fertilizers. Half of the commercial inorganic fertilizers had less than 50% of the labelled content of phosphorus. Conclusions:Emphasis should be placed on improving the management of irrigation water, not on inactivation of arsenic in soil. The high levels of iron in groundwater mitigate arsenic toxicity, but the accumulation of iron could later result in lower rice productivity. Irrigation of rice with groundwater is not likely sustainable. To improve rice productivity, the content of phosphorus in local inorganic fertilizers must be improved to world standards. X-ray fluorescence analysis can quickly identify poor quality fertilizers. Informed Consent:Obtained. Competing Interests:The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Project description:Soil microbes play an important role in the ecosystem and have a relationship with plant growth, development, and production. There are only a few reports on the effects of planting patterns of cassava on the microbial community structure in the rhizospheric soil. Here, we investigated the effects of different fertilization on the microbial community structure in the cassava rhizospheric soil. SC205 cultivar was used in this study as the experimental material. Compound fertilizer (CF) and reduced fertilizer (RF) were applied to the soil prior to planting. Soil samples were collected before harvest, and fungi were analyzed using IonS5TMXL sequencing platform. Results showed that CF and RF treatments significantly increased cassava yield. Amplicon sequencing result indicated that the fungi richness in rhizospheric soil of cassava was increased after CF was applied, and the diversity was decreased. However, the fungal diversity and richness were decreased in rhizospheric soil after RF was applied. The most dominant fungal phylum was Ascomycota, which increased after fertilization. In addition, the abundance of beneficial fungi such as Chaetomium increased after fertilization, while that of pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium solani was decreased. The composition of the fungal community in rhizospheric soil with CF and RF applied was similar, but the richness and diversity of fungi were different. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicates there was a positive correlation between soil nutrition and fungal community structure. Overall, our results indicate that fertilization alters the fungal community structure of cassava rhizospheric soil, such that the abundance of potentially beneficial fungi increased, while that of potentially pathogenic fungi decreased, thereby significantly promoting plant growth and yield of cassava. Thus, during actual production, attention should be paid to maintain the stability of cassava rhizospheric soil micro-ecology.

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Combined Application of Manure and Chemical Fertilizers Alters Soil Environmental Variables and Improves Soil Fungal Community Composition and Rice Grain Yield

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