The 'natural' hybrid haemoglobin from mule. Interrelationships with its parent haemoglobins from horse and donkey.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Condo SG
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1130823 | biostudies-other | 1992 Mar
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
Similar Datasets
Project description:In eutherian mammals, dosage compensation of X-linked genes is achieved by X chromosome inactivation. X inactivation is random in embryonic and adult tissues, but imprinted X inactivation (paternal X silencing) has been identified in the extra-embryonic membranes of the mouse, rat, and cow. Few other species have been studied for this trait, and the data from studies of the human placenta have been discordant or inconclusive. Here, we quantify X inactivation using RNA sequencing of placental tissue from reciprocal hybrids of horse and donkey (mule and hinny). In placental tissue from the equid hybrids and the horse parent, the allelic expression pattern was consistent with random X inactivation, and imprinted X inactivation can clearly be excluded. We characterized horse and donkey XIST gene and demonstrated that XIST allelic expression in female hybrid placental and fetal tissues is negatively correlated with the other X-linked genes chromosome-wide, which is consistent with the XIST-mediated mechanism of X inactivation discovered previously in mice. As the most structurally and morphologically diverse organ in mammals, the placenta also appears to show diverse mechanisms for dosage compensation that may result in differences in conceptus development across species.
| S-EPMC3460181 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Interspecific hybridization often shows negative effects on hybrids. However, only a few multicellular species, limited to a handful of plants and animals, have shown partial genetic mechanisms by which hybridization leads to low fitness in hybrids. Here, to explore the outcome of combining the two genomes of a horse and donkey, we analyzed the whole-genome sequences from an Equus parent-offspring trio using Illumina platforms. We generated 41.39× and 46.21× coverage sequences for the horse and mule, respectively. For the donkey, a 40.38× coverage sequence was generated and stored in our laboratory. Approximately 24.86 million alleles were discovered that varied from the reference genome. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were used as polymorphic markers for assigning alleles to their parental genomic inheritance. We identified 25,703 Mendelian inheritance error single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mule genome that were not inherited from the parents through Mendelian inheritance. A total of 555 de novo single nucleotide polymorphisms were also identified. The rate of de novo single nucleotide polymorphisms was 2.21 × 10−7 in the mule from the Equus parent-offspring trio. This rate is obviously higher than the natural mutation rate for Equus, which is also consistent with the previous hypothesis that interracial crosses may have a high mutation rate. The genes associated with these single nucleotide polymorphisms are mainly involved in immune processes, DNA repair, and cancer processes. The results of the analysis of three genomes from an Equus parent-offspring trio improved our knowledge of the consequences of the integration of parental genomes in mules.
| S-EPMC9778318 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Due to the current poaching crisis in Africa, increasing numbers of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) require opioid immobilisation for medical interventions or management procedures. Alarmingly, the results of both blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry regularly indicate severe hypoxaemia. Yet, the recovery of the animals is uneventful. Thus, neither of the techniques seems to represent the real oxygenation level. We hypothesized that unusual haemoglobin characteristics of this species interfere with the techniques developed and calibrated for the use in human patients. METHODS:Haemoglobin was isolated from blood samples of four adult, white rhinoceroses. Oxygen dissociation curves at pH 7.2 and 7.4 (37°C) were determined based on the absorbance change of haemoglobin in the Soret-region (around 420 nm). Absorbance spectra of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin extending into the infrared region were measured. RESULTS:Oxygen dissociation curves of rhinoceros haemoglobin showed the typical high oxygen affinity (p50 of 2.75 ± 0.07 and 2.00 ± 0.04 kPa for pH 7.2 and 7.4, respectively) under near-physiological conditions with respect to pH, temperature and DPG. The infrared absorbance spectra of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin showed only marginal deviations from standard human spectra, possibly due to the presence of a few percent of methaemoglobin in vitro. CONCLUSIONS:Our data enables the development of a rhinoceros-specific blood gas analysis algorithm, which allows for species-specific calculation of SaO2 levels in anaesthetized animals. The inconspicuous absorbance spectra do not contribute to the systematic underestimation of SpO2 by pulse-oximetry.
| S-EPMC6936770 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The discovery of genomic imprinting through studies of manipulated mouse embryos indicated that the paternal genome has a major influence on placental development. However, previous research has not demonstrated paternal bias in imprinted genes. We applied RNA sequencing to trophoblast tissue from reciprocal hybrids of horse and donkey, where genotypic differences allowed parent-of-origin identification of most expressed genes. Using this approach, we identified a core group of 15 ancient imprinted genes of which 10 were paternally expressed. An additional 78 candidate novel imprinted genes identified by RNA-seq also showed paternal bias. Pyrosequencing was used to confirm the imprinting status of six of the novel genes, including the insulin receptor (INSR), which may play a role in growth regulation with its reciprocally imprinted ligand, histone acetyltransferase (HAT1), the first example of an imprinted gene involved in chromatin modification, and LY6G6C, the first imprinted gene to be identified in the major histocompatibility complex. The 78 novel candidate imprinted genes displayed parent-of-origin expression bias in placenta but not fetus, and most showed less than 100% silencing of the imprinted allele. Some displayed variability in imprinting status among individuals. This results in a unique epigenetic signature for each placenta that contributes to variation in the intrauterine environment and thus presents the opportunity for natural selection to operate on parent-of-origin differential regulation. Taken together, these features highlight the plasticity of imprinting in mammals and the central importance of the placenta as a target tissue for genomic imprinting.
2013-05-24 | GSE30243 | GEO
Project description:In eutherian mammals, dosage compensation of X-linked genes is achieved by X chromosome inactivation. X inactivation is random in embryonic and adult tissues, but imprinted X inactivation (paternal X silencing) has been identified in the extraembryonic membranes of the mouse, rat, and cow. Few other species have been studied for this trait, and the data from studies of the human placenta have been discordant or inconclusive. Here, we quantify X inactivation using RNA sequencing of placental tissue from reciprocal hybrids of horse and donkey (mule and hinny). In placental tissue from the equid hybrids and the horse parent the allelic expression pattern was consistent with random X inactivation, and imprinted X inactivation can clearly be excluded. We characterized horse and donkey XIST gene, and demonstrated that XIST allelic expression in female hybrid placental and fetal tissues is negatively correlated with the other X-linked genes chromosome-wide, which is consistent with the XIST-mediated mechanism of X inactivation discovered previously in mice. As the most structurally and morphologically diverse organ in mammals, the placenta also appears to show diverse mechanisms for dosage compensation that may result in differences in conceptus development across species.
2012-05-29 | GSE36352 | GEO
Project description:The time course of haemoglobin autoxidation was studied under various conditions at 37 degrees C, and the changes in oxyhaemoglobin, intermediate haemoglobins and methaemoglobin during the reaction were analysed by isoelectric focusing on Ampholine/polyacrylamide-gel plates. Under various conditions (10 mM-phosphate buffer, 10 mM-phosphate buffer with 0.1 M-phosphate buffer, 10 mM-phosphate buffer with 0.1 M-NaCl, and 10 mM-phosphate buffer with 0.5 mM-inositol hexaphosphate; pH range 6.6-7.8 each case), the intermediate haemoglobins were found to be present as (alpha 2+ beta 3+)2 and (alpha 3+ beta 2+)2 valency hybrids from their characteristic positions on electrophoresis. Oxyhaemoglobin changed consecutively to (alpha 2+ beta 3+)2 and (alpha 3+ beta 2+)2, which were further oxidized to methaemoglobin, and the amounts of (alpha 3+beta 2+)2 were greater than those of (alpha 2+ beta 3+)2 during the reaction. The modes of the quantitative changes in oxyhaemoglobin, intermediate haemoglobins, and methaemoglobin were very similar in all the media used except for the inositol hexaphosphate addition. In the presence of inositol hexaphosphate, the autoxidation rates were considerably accelerated, and the modes of the changes in the haemoglobin derivatives were also considerably altered; the effects of this organic phosphate were maximal at acidic pH and minimal at alkaline pH. It was concluded that haemoglobin autoxidation proceeds by first-order kinetics through two paths: and (formula: see text). The reaction rate constants (k+1-k+4) best fitting all experimental values obtained by the isoelectric-focusing analysis were evaluated. By using these values, the mechanism of haemoglobin autoxidation is discussed.
| S-EPMC1162913 | biostudies-other
Project description:The discovery of genomic imprinting through studies of manipulated mouse embryos indicated that the paternal genome has a major influence on placental development. However, previous research has not demonstrated paternal bias in imprinted genes. We applied RNA sequencing to trophoblast tissue from reciprocal hybrids of horse and donkey, where genotypic differences allowed parent-of-origin identification of most expressed genes. Using this approach, we identified a core group of 15 ancient imprinted genes of which 10 were paternally expressed. An additional 78 candidate novel imprinted genes identified by RNA-seq also showed paternal bias. Pyrosequencing was used to confirm the imprinting status of six of the novel genes, including the insulin receptor (INSR), which may play a role in growth regulation with its reciprocally imprinted ligand, histone acetyltransferase (HAT1), the first example of an imprinted gene involved in chromatin modification, and LY6G6C, the first imprinted gene to be identified in the major histocompatibility complex. The 78 novel candidate imprinted genes displayed parent-of-origin expression bias in placenta but not fetus, and most showed less than 100% silencing of the imprinted allele. Some displayed variability in imprinting status among individuals. This results in a unique epigenetic signature for each placenta that contributes to variation in the intrauterine environment and thus presents the opportunity for natural selection to operate on parent-of-origin differential regulation. Taken together, these features highlight the plasticity of imprinting in mammals and the central importance of the placenta as a target tissue for genomic imprinting. Examine allelic expression from four individual samples of invasive trophoblast tissue of the chorionic girdle from gestation day 33 conceptuses of horse, donkey, mule and hinny.
2013-05-24 | E-GEOD-30243 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:In eutherian mammals, dosage compensation of X-linked genes is achieved by X chromosome inactivation. X inactivation is random in embryonic and adult tissues, but imprinted X inactivation (paternal X silencing) has been identified in the extraembryonic membranes of the mouse, rat, and cow. Few other species have been studied for this trait, and the data from studies of the human placenta have been discordant or inconclusive. Here, we quantify X inactivation using RNA sequencing of placental tissue from reciprocal hybrids of horse and donkey (mule and hinny). In placental tissue from the equid hybrids and the horse parent the allelic expression pattern was consistent with random X inactivation, and imprinted X inactivation can clearly be excluded. We characterized horse and donkey XIST gene, and demonstrated that XIST allelic expression in female hybrid placental and fetal tissues is negatively correlated with the other X-linked genes chromosome-wide, which is consistent with the XIST-mediated mechanism of X inactivation discovered previously in mice. As the most structurally and morphologically diverse organ in mammals, the placenta also appears to show diverse mechanisms for dosage compensation that may result in differences in conceptus development across species. Examine allelic expression from individual samples of invasive trophoblast tissue of the chorionic girdle from gestation day 33-34 conceptuses of 5 horses, 3 donkeys, 6 mules, and 1 hinny.
2012-05-29 | E-GEOD-36352 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:1. Three modified horse haemoglobins have been prepared: (i) alpha(c) (2)beta(c) (2), in which both the alpha-amino groups of the alpha- and beta-chains have reacted with cyanate, (ii) alpha(c) (2)beta(2), in which the alpha-amino groups of the alpha-chains have reacted with cyanate, and (iii) alpha(2)beta(c) (2), in which the two alpha-amino groups of the beta-chain have reacted with cyanate. 2. The values of n (the Hill constant) for alpha(c) (2)beta(c) (2), alpha(2)beta(c) (2) and alpha(c) (2)beta(2) were (respectively) 2.5, 2.0 and 2.6, indicating the presence of co-operative interactions between the haem groups for all derivatives. 3. In the alkaline pH range (about pH8.0) all the derivatives show the same charge as normal haemoglobin whereas in the acid pH range (about pH6.0) alpha(c) (2)beta(c) (2) differs by four protonic charges and alpha(c) (2)beta(2), alpha(2)beta(c) (2) by two protonic charges from normal haemoglobin, indicating that the expected number of ionizing groups have been removed. 4. alpha(c) (2)beta(2) and alpha(c) (2)beta(c) (2) show a 25% decrease in the alkaline Bohr effect, in contrast with alpha(2)beta(c) (2), which has the same Bohr effect as normal haemoglobin. 5. The deoxy form of alpha(c) (2)beta(c) (2) does not bind more CO(2) than the oxy form of alpha(c) (2)beta(c) (2), whereas alpha(c) (2)beta(2) and alpha(2)beta(c) (2) show intermediate binding. 6. The results reported confirm the hypothesis that, under physiological conditions, haemoglobin binds CO(2) through the four terminal alpha-amino groups and that the two terminal alpha-amino groups of alpha-chains are involved in the Bohr effect.
| S-EPMC1177110 | biostudies-other
Project description:Meat adulteration is currently a common practice worldwide. In China, adulteration of donkey meat products with the similar species (horse and mule/hinny) meat and mislabeling are becoming widespread concerns. In this study, a sensitive and species-specific duplex real-time PCR assay based on the simultaneous amplification of fragments of the creatine kinase muscle gene family, was developed and optimized for the identification of horse, donkey and mule /hinny species in raw and heat-processed meat products. Duplex real-time PCR results showed different fluorescence amplification curves for horse and donkey. Both kinds of fluorescence amplification curves appeared simultaneously for mule/hinny. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was up to 0.01 ng /μL. The method and strategy developed in this study could be applied to detect the presence of adulterants from horse and mule /hinny meat in raw donkey meat and meat products.
| S-EPMC7771862 | biostudies-literature