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Inactivation of the thiol RTEM-1 beta-lactamase by 6-beta-bromopenicillanic acid. Identity of the primary active-site nucleophile.

ABSTRACT: The thiol RTEM-1 beta-lactamase [Sigal, Harwood & Arentzen (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 7157-7160] is inactivated by 6-beta-bromopenicillanic acid with formation of a characteristic chromophore, absorbing maximally at 350 nm, which is covalently bound to the enzyme. Model studies suggest that the chromophore is that of a 6-carboxylate thiol ester of 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1,4-thiazine-3,6-dicarboxylate, which can arise by rearrangement of the thiol-penicilloate obtained by thiolysis of the beta-lactam of 6-beta-bromopenicillanate. Loss of activity of the enzyme is also concerted with disappearance of its single (cysteine) thiol group. These results indicate that the thiol group of this enzyme is indeed a nucleophilic catalyst in beta-lactam turnover. The thiol beta-lactamase is also inactivated by clavulanic acid with formation of a chromophore, presumably a 3-aminoacrylate thiol ester, at 308 nm. Both 6-beta-bromopenicillanate and clavulanate are hydrolysed more slowly by the thiol enzyme than by the native serine beta-lactamase, but, probably as a consequence of this, both compounds inactivate the former enzyme more efficiently. Cefoxitin, a poor substrate of the native enzyme, does not appear to interact covalently with the thiol beta-lactamase.

SUBMITTER: Knap AK

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1148364 | biostudies-other | 1987 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Inactivation of the RTEM-1 cysteine beta-lactamase by iodoacetate. The nature of active-site functional groups and comparisons with the native enzyme.

Project description:The pH-rate profile for inactivation of the RTEM-1 cysteine beta-lactamase by iodoacetate supports previous evidence [Knap & Pratt (1989) Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 6, 316-323] for the activation of the active-site thiol group by adjacent functional groups. The enhanced reactivity of iodoacetate, with respect to that of iodoacetamide, suggests the influence of a positive charge in the active site. The reactivity of iodoacetate is not affected by dissociation of an active-site functional group of pKa 6.7, which increases the reactivity of neutral reagents, probably because of a compensation phenomenon; it is, however, lost on dissociation of an acid of pKa 8.1. It is concluded that the active cysteine beta-lactamase has four functional groups at the active site, one nucleophilic thiolate of Cys-70, one neutral acid (most probably the carboxy group of Glu-166, from the crystal structures) and two cationic residues (most probably Lys-73 and Lys-234). A comparison of these results with the pH-dependence of reactivity of the native RTEM-2 beta-lactamase suggests that the active form of the latter enzyme is also monocationic, although the nucleophile (Ser-70) is likely to be neutral in this case and the carboxylic acid dissociated. A mechanism of class A beta-lactamase catalysis is discussed where the Glu-166 carboxylate acts as a general base/acid catalyst and Lys-73 is principally required for electrostatic stabilization of the anionic tetrahedral intermediate.

| S-EPMC1149883 | biostudies-other

Site-directed mutagenesis and substrate-induced inactivation of beta-lactamase I.

Project description:The substrate-induced inactivation of beta-lactamase I from Bacillus cereus 569/H has been studied. Both the wild-type enzyme and mutants have been used. The kinetics follow a branched pathway of the type recently analysed [Waley (1991) Biochem. J. 279, 87-94]. The substrate cloxacillin (a penicillin) formed an acyl-enzyme (characterized by m.s.), and it was probably the instability of this intermediate that brought about inactivation. A disulphide bond was introduced into beta-lactamase I (the wild-type enzyme lacks this bond) by site-directed mutagenesis: Ala-77 and Ala-123 were replaced by cysteine. Spontaneous oxidation yielded the disulphide. The activity of this newly cross-linked enzyme was a little diminished, but the stability towards inactivation by cloxacillin was not increased. A second mutant of beta-lactamase I was studied: this mutant lacked the first 17 residues, i.e. the first alpha-helix. The mutant had reduced activity towards ordinary (non-inactivating) substrates and no hydrolysis of cloxacillin could be detected. These mutant enzymes were expressed in Bacillus subtilis, and were purified from the extracellular medium.

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Active-site serine mutants of the Streptomyces albus G beta-lactamase.

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Project description:An R-plasmid-mediated metallo-beta-lactamase was found in Klebsiella pneumoniae DK4 isolated in Japan in 1991. The nucleotide sequence of its structural gene revealed that the beta-lactamase termed DK4 was identical to the IMP-1 metallo-beta-lactamase which was mediated by a chromosomal gene of Serratia marcescens TN9106 isolated in Japan in 1991 (E. Osano et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:71-78, 1994). The dose effect of DK4 beta-lactamase production on the resistance levels indicated a significant contribution of the enzyme to bacterial resistance to all the beta-lactams except monobactams. The enzymatic characteristics of the DK4 beta-lactamase and its kinetic parameters for nine beta-lactams were examined. The DK4 beta-lactamase was confirmed to contain 2 mol of zinc per mol of enzyme protein. The apoenzyme that lacked the two zincs was structurally unstable, and the activities of only 30% of the apoenzyme molecules could be restored by the addition of 1 mM zinc sulfate. The substitution of five conserved histidines (His28, His86, His88, His149, His210) and a cysteine (Cys168) for an alanine indicated that His86, His88, and His149 served as ligands to one of the zincs and that Cys168 played a role as a ligand to the second zinc. Both zinc molecules contribute to the enzymatic process. Mutant enzymes that lack only one of these retained some activity. Additionally, a conserved aspartic acid at position 90 was replaced by asparagine. This mutant enzyme showed an approximately 1,000 times lower k(cat) value for cephalothin than that of the wild-type enzyme but retained the two zincs even after dialysis against zinc-free buffer. The observed effect of pH on the activity suggested that Asp90 functions as a general base in the enzymatic process.

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Clavulanate inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus beta-lactamase.

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The active site sulfenic acid ligand in nitrile hydratases can function as a nucleophile.

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Mechanistic consequences of replacing the active-site nucleophile Glu-358 in Agrobacterium sp. beta-glucosidase with a cysteine residue.

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High tolerance to simultaneous active-site mutations in TEM-1 beta-lactamase: Distinct mutational paths provide more generalized beta-lactam recognition.

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