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Further studies on the effect of the collagen triple-helix formation on the hydroxylation of lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxylysine in chick-embryo tendon and cartilage cells.

ABSTRACT: The hydroxylation of lysine and glycosylations of hydroxylysine were studied in isolated chick-embryo tendon and cartilage cells under conditions in which collagen triple-helix formation was either inhibited or accelerated. The former situation was obtained by incubating the tendon cells with 0.6mm-dithiothreitol, thus decreasing their proline hydroxylase activity by about 99%. After labelling with [(14)C]proline, the formation of hydroxy[(14)C]proline was found to have declined by about 95%. Since the hydroxylation of a relatively large number of proline residues is required for triple-helix formation at 37 degrees C, the pro-alpha-chains synthesized under these conditions apparently cannot form triple-helical molecules. Labelling experiments with [(14)C]lysine indicated that the degree of hydroxylation of the lysine residues in the collagen synthesized was slightly increased and the degree of the glycosylations of the hydroxylysine residues more than doubled, the largest increase being in the content of glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine. Recovery of chick-embryo cartilage cells from temporary anoxia was used to obtain accelerated triple-helix formation. A marked decrease was found in the extent of hydroxylation of the lysine residues in the collagen synthesized under these conditions, and an even larger decrease occurred in the glycosylations of the hydroxylysine residues. The results support the previous suggestion that the triple-helix formation of the pro-alpha-chains prevents further hydroxylation of lysine residues and glycosylations of hydroxylysine residues during collagen biosynthesis.

SUBMITTER: Oikarinen A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1165017 | biostudies-other | 1977 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Hydroxylation of lysine and glycosylation of hydroxylysine during collagen biosynthesis in isolated chick-embryo cartilage cells.

Project description:Hydroxylation of lysine and glycosylation of hydroxylysine during collagen biosynthesis in isolated chick-embryo cartilage cells were studied by using continuous labelling and pulse-chase labelling experiments with [14C]lysine. Control experiments with [14C]proline indicated that in continuous labelling the hydroxylation of [14C]proline became linear with time after about 4 min and the secretion of collagen after about 35 min, as reported previously. In similar experiments with [14C]lysine the hydroxylation of [14C]lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxy[14C]lysine became linear at about 4 min, suggesting that these reactions were initiated while the polypeptide chains were growing on the ribosomes. Pulse-chase labelling experiments with [14C]lysine indicated that after a 5 min pulse-label the hydroxylation of [14C]lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxyl[14C]lysine continued during the chase period for about 20 min. The data suggest that these reactions are continued after the release of complete polypeptide chains into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the reactions are probably not continued after the formation of the triple helix and the movement of the molecules into the Golgi vacuoles.

| S-EPMC1163787 | biostudies-other

Effect of prevention of procollagen triple-helix formation on proline 3-hydroxylation in freshly isolated chick-embryo tendon cells.

Project description:Inhibition of procollagen triple-helix formation by the addition of cis-hydroxyproline or azetidine-2-carboxylic acid increased the synthesis of 3-hydroxy[14C]proline 1.7-1.8-fold in pulse-chase experiments with freshly isolated chick-embryo tendon cells. The amount of 3-hydroxy[14C]proline, expressed as a percentage of the total 14C radioactivity in hydroxyproline, reached 8.4%. Control experiments indicated that the two analogues had no effect on the prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity of these cells. The data suggest that the time available before triple-helix formation in part regulates the extent of the 3-hydroxylation of proline in the biosynthesis of collagen in intact cells.

| S-EPMC1162983 | biostudies-other

Protein disulphide-isomerase of chick-embryo tendon.

Project description:Protein disulphide-isomerase can be partially purified from the high-speed-supernatant fraction of extensively disrupted chick-embryo tendon tissue. The catalytic properties of the preparation resemble those of the enzyme from mammalian liver. Gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing show the enzyme to be very acidic, with pI 4.4 +/- 0.3. Gel filtration indicates an Mr for the active enzyme of 140 000. The enzyme can be partially purified by preparative gel filtration or isoelectric focusing, but its limited stability has prevented purification to homogeneity; active fractions from both gel filtration and isoelectric focusing show two major polypeptide components by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The major polypeptides present in partially purified preparations have Mr 45 000 and 55 000; the latter band co-distributes with the enzyme activity in fractionations by both gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. The subcellular location of the enzyme cannot be established from work on homogenates of whole tissue, which are extensively disrupted. In homogenates from isolated tendon cells, the enzyme is located in a vesicle fraction that is excluded from Sepharose 2B but is of low density and can only be sedimented at very high speeds. This fraction is identified as deriving from the endoplasmic reticulum on the grounds of marker-enzyme studies and electron microscopy.

| S-EPMC1153447 | biostudies-other

Establishing in vivo and ex vivo chick embryo models to investigate fetal tendon healing.

Project description:Injured adult tendons heal fibrotically and possess high re-injury rates, whereas fetal tendons appear to heal scarlessly. However, knowledge of fetal tendon wound healing is limited due in part to the need for an accessible animal model. Here, we developed and characterized an in vivo and ex vivo chick embryo tendon model to study fetal tendon healing. In both models, injury sites filled rapidly with cells and extracellular matrix during healing, with wound closure occurring faster in vivo. Tendons injured at an earlier embryonic stage improved mechanical properties to levels similar to non-injured controls, whereas tendons injured at a later embryonic stage did not. Expression levels of tendon phenotype markers, collagens, collagen crosslinking regulators, matrix metalloproteinases, and pro-inflammatory mediators exhibited embryonic stage-dependent trends during healing. Apoptosis occurred during healing, but ex vivo tendons exhibited higher levels of apoptosis than tendons in vivo. Future studies will use these in vivo and ex vivo chick embryo tendon injury models to elucidate mechanisms of stage-specific fetal tendon healing to inform the development of therapeutic approaches to regeneratively heal adult tendons.

| S-EPMC10264358 | biostudies-literature

Acid mucopolysaccharides of chick-embryo cartilage in osteolathyrism.

Project description:1. In view of the suggested association between collagen and acid mucopolysaccharides in the connective tissues, this study was designed to see whether the lathyrus factor, beta-aminopropionitrile, affected the acid mucopolysaccharides as well as inhibiting the normal polymerization of collagen. The changing pattern of these two components of cartilage from normal and lathyritic chick embryos aged 14-20 days is described. The chondroitin sulphates and their protein complexes have been isolated from these cartilages, characterized and compared, particularly with respect to their sulphate content; no significant differences in quality or quantity were detectable. 2. Saline extracts of normal and lathyritic cartilages were also compared; whereas the collagen content of lathyritic extracts was increased to ten times that in the normal, the acid mucopolysaccharide content of both extracts was always the same. 3. It therefore appears that in the chick embryo beta-aminopropionitrile does not affect the acid mucopolysaccharides of the developing cartilage.

| S-EPMC1270125 | biostudies-other

Inhibition of collagen hydroxylation by 2,7,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone in embryonic-chick tendon cells.

Project description:Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.2) is an essential enzyme in the post-translational modification of collagen. Inhibitors of this enzyme are of potential interest for the treatment of diseases involving excessive deposition of collagen. 2,7,8-Trihydroxyanthraquinone (THA) is an effective inhibitor of prolyl 4-hydroxylase by virtue of its ability to compete with the co-substrate 2-oxoglutarate (Ki = 40.3 microM). Using a simple and reproducible assay for collagen hydroxylation, we show that THA inhibits the hydroxylation of collagen in embryonic-chick tendon cells in short-term culture, with an IC50 value (concn. giving 50% inhibition) of 32 microM. In comparison, the ethyl ester of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid has an IC50 value of 0.1 mM against collagen hydroxylation by chick tendon cells, whereas its Ki versus isolated prolyl 4-hydroxylase is 49 microM.

| S-EPMC1138791 | biostudies-other

Labelling of prolyl hydroxylase tetrameric subunits in freshly isolated chick-embryo tendon cells and in certain chick-embryo tissues in vivo.

Project description:The labelling of the subunits of prolyl 4-hydroxylase tetramers was studied in freshly isolated chick-embryo tendon cells and in chick-embryo tissues. In the former both the alpha- and beta-subunits of the tetramer were labelled during a 4 h labelling and 2 h chase period, although the radioactivity in the beta-subunit was much lower than in the alpha-subunit. The corresponding subunits of the enzyme from 12-day chick-embryo cartilaginous bone and heart were labelled in 7 h, again the beta-subunit much less than the alpha-subunit, the ratio of radioactivity in the beta-subunit to that in the alpha-subunit (beta/alpha-radioactivity) being 0.20 and 0.32 respectively. The beta/alpha-radioactivity then increased almost linearily with time between 7 and 24 h, by 9.5-fold in the cartilaginous bone and 3-fold in the heart, and beta/alpha-radioactivity values above 1.0 were reached. The free beta-subunit-size protein (the beta'-protein), which is also present in cells, had been labelled quite heavily by 7 h. The beta/alpha-radioactivity at 7h, determined in four tissues with different ratios of prolyl hydroxylase tetramers to total immunoreactive protein (tetramer percentage), was low in tissues with a high tetramer percentage. It is thus proposed that only a minor fraction of the beta'-protein must be processed to the tetrameric beta-subunit and utilized in the synthesis of the prolyl 4-hydroxylase tetramers.

| S-EPMC1158414 | biostudies-other

Proteome profiling of embryo chick retina.

Project description:BackgroundLittle is known regarding the molecular pathways that underlie the process of retinal development. The purpose of this study was to identify proteins which may be involved in development of retina. We used a proteomics-based approach to identify proteins that are up- or down-regulated during the development of the embryo chick retina.ResultsTwo-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed with the retina of embryo chicken, which was obtained from embryos of day 7 (ED7) and of day 11 (ED11). The protein spots showing significant differences were selected for identification by MALDI mass spectrometry. Thirteen proteins were differentially expressed; seven proteins were up-regulated in embryo retina of chicken at ED 11 and six proteins were down-regulated. Significant proteins were also evaluated in embryo day 15 (ED15). Some of identified proteins were known to regulate cell proliferation, cell death, transport, metabolism, organization and extracellular matrix, and others also included novel proteins.ConclusionWe identified thirteen proteins which differentially expressed in embryonal retina of chicken at day 7, as compared to the retina of embryo of day 11. They were various regulatory proteins for cellular signaling.

| S-EPMC2267454 | biostudies-literature

The hydrating effect of lathyrogenic compounds on chick-embryo cartilage in vivo.

Project description:1. Treatment of the chick embryo with the lathyrus factor, beta-aminopropionitrile, produces inhibition of polymerization of newly synthesized collagen at the interand intra-molecular level (Levene & Gross, 1959; Martin, Gross, Piez & Lewis, 1961); this is manifest as an increase in the fragility and solubility of collagen from the connective tissues. 2. This treatment simultaneously produced increased hydration of the tissues, particularly noticeable in the swollen long-bone cartilages. 3. This increased hydration of cartilage was found to result from treatment with any of the known lathyrogenic compounds, but not with any of the structurally related but non-lathyrogenic analogues. 4. The hydration effect paralleled the collagen solubility effect, both being dosage-dependent at the lower levels. 5. The hydration effect could not be reversed by treatment in vivo with either pyridoxal or glyceraldehyde, or by Benadryl, an antihistamine that inhibits cell water movement. 6. The possible causes of this effect have been considered in the light of the known properties of cartilage.

| S-EPMC1270126 | biostudies-other

The subcellular fractionation of embryonic chick tendon and cartilage cells: a re-examination.

Project description:A re-examination of the subcellular fractions obtained from matrix-free chick tendon and cartilage cells has been made since the discovery that three out of four of the micrographs of chick tendon microsomal fractions published in an earlier paper from this laboratory were not authentic. The present studies demonstrate that by using the procedures previously reported it is possible to isolate microsomal and submicrosomal fractions from tendon and cartilage cells which exhibit typical morphology when examined by electron microscopy. These observations are consistent with our original biochemical characterization of subcellular fractions, which we know to be valid. Other publications from this laboratory in which these fractionation procedures have been applied to studies of collagen biosynthesis are in no way compromised, and indeed, most of our data have been confirmed by several other laboratories.

| S-EPMC1161070 | biostudies-other

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