Radioautographic localization of labelled proteins after incubation of guinea-pig islets of Langerhans with (3H)tryptophan.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Howell SL
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1167966 | biostudies-other | 1974 Apr
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Previous studies have reported an increased turnover of phospholipid in isolated islets of Langerhans in response to raised glucose concentrations. The present investigation was thus undertaken to determine the nature of any phospholipases that may be implicated in this phenomenon by employing various radiolabelled exogenous phospholipids. Hydrolysis of 1-acyl-2-[14C]arachidonoylglycerophosphoinositol by a sonicated preparation of islets optimally released radiolabelled lysophosphatidylinositol, arachidonic acid and 1,2-diacylglycerol at pH 5,7 and 9 respectively. This indicates the presence of a phospholipase A1 and a phospholipase C. However, the lack of any labelled lysophosphatidylinositol production when 2-acyl-1-[14C]stearoylglycerophosphoinositol was hydrolysed argues against a role for phospholipase A2 in the release of arachidonic acid. Phospholipase C activity as measured by phosphatidyl-myo-[3H]inositol hydrolysis was optimal around pH8, required Ca2+ for activity and was predominantly cytosolic in origin. The time course of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis at pH 6 indicated a precursor-product relationship for 1,2-diacylglycerol and arachidonic acid respectively. The release of these two products when phosphatidylinositol was hydrolysed by either islet or acinar tissue was similar. However, phospholipase A1 activity was 20-fold higher in acinar tissue. Substrate specificity studies with islet tissue revealed that arachidonic acid release from phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine was only 8% and 2.5% respectively of that from phosphatidylinositol. Diacylglycerol lipase was also demonstrated in islet tissue being predominantly membrane bound and stimulated by Ca2+. The availability of non-esterified arachidonic acid in islet cells could be regulated by changes in the activity of a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C acting in concert with a diacylglycerol lipase.
| S-EPMC1152521 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. Guanylate cyclase activity was determined in homogenates of guinea-pig islets of Langerhans by measurement of the conversion of [alpha-(32)P]GTP into cyclic [(32)P]GMP, the reaction products being separated on columns of neutral alumina. 2. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 7.3; it showed a requirement for bivalent cations, the effectiveness of the cations tested being Mn(2+)>>Ca(2+)>Mg(2+). 3. About 70% of enzyme activity was sedimented by centrifugation at 105000g for 60min; activity was increased 2.3-fold by treatment of homogenates with 0.1% Triton X-100. 4. Guanylate cyclase activity of homogenates was increased by acetylcholine, secretin or pancreozymin, but was inhibited by adrenaline, noradrenaline or ATP. Insulin, glucagon, prostaglandins E(1) or E(2), glucose, F(-), diazoxide or glibenclamide were ineffective. 5. Determination of cyclic GMP amounts in islets by radioimmunoassay showed a basal concentration of 2.0pmol/mg of protein, which was increased by incubation of the islets in the presence of acetylcholine or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, but was unaffected by glucose. 6. Dibutyryl cyclic GMP had significant stimulatory effects on rates of insulin biosynthesis in isolated rat islets of Langerhans. 7. These results suggest a possible role for cyclic GMP in the regulation of insulin biosynthesis and secretion.
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Project description:Understanding the entry of autoreactive T cells to their target organ is important in autoimmunity because this entry initiates the inflammatory process. Here, the events that lead to specific localization of diabetogenic CD4 T cells into islets of Langerhans resulting in diabetes were examined. This was evaluated in two models, one in which T cells specific for a hen-egg white lysozyme (HEL) peptide were injected into mice expressing HEL on β cells and the other using T cells in the nonobese diabetic mouse strain, which develops spontaneous diabetes. Only T cells specific for β-cell antigens localized in islets within the first hours after their injection and were found adherent to intraislet dendritic cells (DCs). DCs surrounded blood vessels with dendrites reaching into the vessels. Localization of antigen-specific T cells did not require chemokine receptor signaling but involved class II histocompatibility and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 molecules. We found no evidence for nonspecific localization of CD4 T cells into normal noninflamed islets. Thus, the anatomy of the islet of Langerhans permits the specific localization of diabetogenic T cells at a time when there is no inflammation in the islets.
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Project description:Binding of 3H-labelled platelet-activating factor ([3H]PAF) to guinea-pig tracheal epithelial cells was time-dependent, reversible and saturable. Scatchard analysis of the saturation-binding data indicated that [3H]PAF bound to one class of specific binding sites with high affinity (KD = 4.3 +/- 0.03 nM; Bmax. = 0.172 +/- 0.02 fmol/10(5) cells; n = 3). Unlabelled PAF competitively and selectively inhibited the specific binding of [3H]PAF with 50% inhibition at 4.8 +/- 0.07 nM (n = 3). SR 27417, the first member of a newly developed PAF antagonist series, competitively displaced [3H]PAF from its binding sites on guinea-pig tracheal epithelial cells with a Ki of 100 +/- 3 pM (n = 3). Studies carried out in parallel demonstrated that SR 27417 was 40 times more potent than C16-PAF itself and more than 100-fold as active as the best synthetic PAF-receptor antagonist yet described. [3H]SR 27417 displayed high-affinity, specific, reversible as well as saturable binding to a single class of binding sites on tracheal epithelial cells (KD = 94 +/- 7 pM; Bmax. = 0.181 +/- 0.04 fmol/10(5) cells; n = 3). C16-PAF, lyso-PAF, enantio-PAF, SR 27417 and other PAF-receptor antagonists had Ki values which were nearly identical for both [3H]PAF and [3H]SR 27417, demonstrating that in guinea-pig tracheal epithelial cells they have the same binding sites. In conclusion, these data suggest that tracheal epithelial cells contain PAF-specific receptors and indicate that SR 27417 is an extremely potent PAF-receptor antagonist, as well as being a suitable radioligand for labelling PAF receptors on intact cells.
| S-EPMC1132716 | biostudies-other
Project description:Insulin is released from the pancreas in pulses with a period of ~ 5 min. These oscillatory insulin levels are essential for proper liver utilization and perturbed pulsatility is observed in type 2 diabetes. What coordinates the many islets of Langerhans throughout the pancreas to produce unified oscillations of insulin secretion? One hypothesis is that coordination is achieved through an insulin-dependent negative feedback action of the liver onto the glucose level. This hypothesis was tested in an in vitro setting using a microfluidic system where the population response from a group of islets was input to a model of hepatic glucose uptake, which provided a negative feedback to the glucose level. This modified glucose level was then delivered back to the islet chamber where the population response was again monitored and used to update the glucose concentration delivered to the islets. We found that, with appropriate parameters for the model, oscillations in islet activity were synchronized. This approach demonstrates that rhythmic activity of a population of physically uncoupled islets can be coordinated by a downstream system that senses islet activity and supplies negative feedback. In the intact animal, the liver can play this role of the coordinator of islet activity.
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Project description:Transplantation therapy for human diabetes is limited by the toxicity of immunosuppressive drugs. If toxicity can be minimized, there will still be a shortage of human donor organs. Xenotransplantation of porcine islets is a strategy to overcome supply problems. Xenotransplantation in mesentery of pig pancreatic primordia obtained very early during organogenesis [embryonic day 28 (E28)] is a way to obviate the need for immunosuppression in rats or rhesus macaques and to enable engraftment of a cell component originating from porcine islets implanted beneath the renal capsule of rats. Here, we show engraftment in the kidney of insulin and porcine proinsulin mRNA-expressing cells following implantation of porcine islets beneath the renal capsule of diabetic rhesus macaques transplanted previously with E28 pig pancreatic primordia in mesentery. Donor cell engraftment is confirmed using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the porcine X chromosome and is supported by glucose-stimulated insulin release in vitro. Cells from islets do not engraft in the kidney without prior transplantation of E28 pig pancreatic primordia in mesentery. This is the first report of engraftment following transplantation of porcine islets in non-immunosuppressed, immune-competent non-human primates. The data are consistent with tolerance to a cell component of porcine islets induced by previous transplantation of E28 pig pancreatic primordia.
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Project description:Here we present a convenient method for easy hand selection of enzymatically isolated small tissues such as islets of Langerhans. Islets are continuously collected in a micropipette tip connected to a peristaltic pump. After entering the conical micropipette tip, the islets are quickly dragged up by solution flow, but this movement subsequently decreases as the flow rate decreases. Thus, the islets are trapped at a specific height where downward gravitation balances upward buoyancy and the drag provided by solution flow. Our device allows more efficient isolation of islets compared to conventional manual collection methods.
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Project description:Measuring the chemical composition of individual cells in mammalian organs can provide critical insights toward understanding the mechanisms leading to their normal and pathological function. In this work, single cell heterogeneity of islets of Langerhans is characterized with high throughput by microscopy-guided single cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Two levels of chemical heterogeneity were observed from the analysis of more than 3000 individual cells. Within a single islet, cellular heterogeneity was evident from the exclusive expression of the canonical biomarkers glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and somatostatin within α-, β-, γ-, and δ-cells, respectively. We localized the neuropeptide WE-14, a known cell-to-cell signaling molecule, to individual δ-cells. Moreover, several unreported endogenous peptides generated by dibasic site cleavages of PP were detected within individual γ-cells. Of these, PP(27-36) was previously shown to activate the human Y4 receptor, suggesting it has a signaling role in vivo. Heterogeneity in cell composition was also observed between islets as evidenced by a 50-fold larger α-cell population in islets of the dorsal pancreas compared to the ventral-derived pancreatic islets. Finally, PP(27-36) was more abundant in γ-cells from the ventral region of the pancreas, indicating differences in the extent of PP-prohormone processing in the two regions of the pancreas.
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Project description:Relatively high levels of D-alanine (D-Ala), an endogenous D-amino acid, have been found in the endocrine systems of several animals, especially in the anterior pituitary; however, its functional importance remains largely unknown. We observed D-Ala in islets of Langerhans isolated from rat pancreas in significantly higher levels than in the anterior/intermediate pituitary; specifically, 180±60 fmol D-Ala per islet (300±100 nmol/gislet), and 10±2.5 nmol/g of wet tissue in pituitary. Additionally, 12±5% of the free Ala in the islets was in the d form, almost an order of magnitude higher than the percentage of D-Ala found in the pituitary. Surprisingly, glucose stimulation of the islets resulted in D-Ala release of 0.6±0.5 fmol per islet. As D-Ala is stored in islets and released in response to changes in extracellular glucose, D-Ala may have a hormonal role.
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Project description:Allogeneic islet transplantation into the liver has the potential to restore normoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. However, the suboptimal microenvironment for islets in the liver is likely to be involved in the progressive islet dysfunction that is often observed post-transplantation. This study validates a novel microwell scaffold platform to be used for the extrahepatic transplantation of islet of Langerhans. Scaffolds were fabricated from either a thin polymer film or an electrospun mesh of poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)-poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) block copolymer (composition: 4000PEOT30PBT70) and were imprinted with microwells, ?400 µm in diameter and ?350 µm in depth. The water contact angle and water uptake were 39±2° and 52.1±4.0 wt%, respectively. The glucose flux through electrospun scaffolds was three times higher than for thin film scaffolds, indicating enhanced nutrient diffusion. Human islets cultured in microwell scaffolds for seven days showed insulin release and insulin content comparable to those of free-floating control islets. Islet morphology and insulin and glucagon expression were maintained during culture in the microwell scaffolds. Our results indicate that the microwell scaffold platform prevents islet aggregation by confinement of individual islets in separate microwells, preserves the islet's native rounded morphology, and provides a protective environment without impairing islet functionality, making it a promising platform for use in extrahepatic islet transplantation.
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