Incorporation of DL-[2-14C]mevalonic acid lactone into beta-carotene and the phytol side chain of chlorophyll in cotyledons of four species of pine seedlings.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Wieckowski S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1198277 | biostudies-other | 1967 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:1. Lactating mammary glands of sheep were perfused for several hours in the presence of dl-[2-(14)C]ornithine or dl-[5-(14)C]arginine and received adequate quantities of acetate, glucose and amino acids. 2. In the [(14)C]ornithine experiment 1.4% of the casein and 1% of the expired carbon dioxide came from added ornithine; 96% of the total radioactivity in casein was recovered in proline; 13% of the proline of casein originated from plasma ornithine. 3. In this experiment the results of chemical degradation of proline of casein as well as relative specific activities in the isolated products are consistent with the view that ornithine is metabolized, by way of glutamic gamma-semialdehyde, to proline or glutamic acid. 4. In the [(14)C]arginine experiments 3% of the casein and 1% of the expired carbon dioxide came from arginine; 84% of the arginine and 9% of the proline of casein originated from plasma arginine. 5. In these experiments the relative specific activities of arginine, ornithine and proline in plasma are in agreement with the view that arginine is metabolized by way of ornithine to proline. The conversion of arginine into ornithine is probably catalysed by arginase, so that arginase in mammary tissue may be involved in the process of milk synthesis.
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Project description:Although resprouting plays an important role in facilitating persistence of damaged seedlings, the functional attributes of cotyledons and taproots during resprouting of 1-year oak seedlings are not well explored. In this study, cotyledons were removed from Quercus mongolica seedlings to explore resprouting in response to simulated disturbance as a function of shoot clipping, and to examine the resprouting ability in relation to timing of clipping and cotyledon removal. Isotope labeling experiments were also performed to evaluate contribution of the cotyledons and taproots to resprouting. Regardless of timing of shoot clipping, seedlings successfully resprouted provided their cotyledons were not detached. Clipped seedlings were less likely to resprout when cotyledons were removed. Seedlings clipped at earlier development stage exhibited higher resprouting capacity than those clipped at later stage. Cotyledon removal, more than timing of clipping, decreased the dry masses of newly-resprouted shoots. However, no significant influences of cotyledon removal and timing of clipping were found on the dry masses of roots, suggesting the importance of cotyledons for resprouting. Roots became functional and accumulated more soil nitrogen after shoot clipping and cotyledon removal, representing a double security-based strategy for the clipped seedlings to resprout despite the importance of cotyledons.
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Project description:1. The incorporation of (14)CO(2) and dl-[2-(14)C]mevalonic acid into various terpenoids in developing chloroplasts in a number of seedlings has been studied. 2. beta-Carotene and phytol (from chlorophyll) tend to be heavily labelled from (14)CO(2), whereas sterols and beta-amyrin are only slightly labelled; with dl-[2-(14)C]mevalonic acid the situation is reversed. 3. The incorporation of (14)CO(2) into terpenoids is dependent on the stage of chloroplast development, whereas that of mevalonic acid is independent of chloroplast development. 4. The uptake of (14)CO(2) into beta-carotene and phytol in mature chloroplasts is very low in monocotyledons but somewhat greater in dicotyledons. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the view that terpenoid biosynthesis in developing chloroplasts is regulated by a combination of enzyme segregation and specific membrane permeability.
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Project description:Although the consequences of cotyledon removal have been widely studied in oaks producing large acorns, we have little knowledge of at what level cotyledons can be removed without affecting acorn survival and seedling development. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the amount of energy reserves in cotyledons is more than the demands of seedlings and that large acorns can tolerate seed predation and/or attract seed predators for seed dispersal. Acorn germination rates were not affected even when 60% of cotyledons were cut off at the basal end, suggesting that the energy reserves contained in cotyledons are not essential for acorn survival. Post-cut acorn mass, more than initial acorn mass, appear to be a better predictor of seedling performance, indicating that the energy reserves in cotyledons are sufficient for seedlings. Acorns with large masses sustained cotyledon damage better than small ones with respect to seedling performance. Large acorns were more likely to be dispersed and cached by animals, implying that producing large acorns is more important for oaks to manipulate seed predators and dispersers rather than provide a seedling with cotyledonary reserves.
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Project description:Glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase had been reported to be present exclusively in the peroxisomes of plant leaves and to participate in the glycollate pathway in leaf photorespiration (Tolbert (1971) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 22, 45-74]. Glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase activity was already present in the etiolated cotyledons of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings, and increased during greening. The enzyme was present only in the cytosol of the etiolated cotyledons and appeared in the peroxisomes during greening. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from the cytosol of the etiolated cotyledons and from the peroxisomes of the green cotyledons of cucumber seedlings. The two enzyme preparations had nearly identical enzymic and physical properties. On the basis of these findings, roles of glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase in the glycollate pathway in photorespiration, and the mechanism of its appearance in the peroxisomes during greening, are discussed.
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