Focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK) cleavage and regulation by calpain.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Cooray P
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1217586 | biostudies-other | 1996 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The coordinated and dynamic regulation of adhesions is required for cell migration. We demonstrated previously that limited proteolysis of talin1 by the calcium-dependent protease calpain 2 plays a critical role in adhesion disassembly in fibroblasts (Franco, S. J., Rodgers, M. A., Perrin, B. J., Han, J., Bennin, D. A., Critchley, D. R., and Huttenlocher, A. (2004) Nat. Cell Biol. 6, 977-983). However, little is known about the contribution of other calpain substrates to the regulation of adhesion dynamics. We now provide evidence that calpain 2-mediated proteolysis of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates adhesion dynamics in motile cells. We mapped the preferred calpain cleavage site between the two C-terminal proline-rich regions after Ser-745, resulting in a C-terminal fragment similar in size to the FAK-related non-kinase (FRNK). We generated mutant FAK with a point mutation (V744G) that renders FAK resistant to calpain proteolysis but retains other biochemical properties of FAK. Using time-lapse microscopy, we show that the dynamics of green fluorescent protein-talin1 are impaired in FAK-deficient cells. Expression of wild-type but not calpain-resistant FAK rescues talin dynamics in FAK-deficient cells. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel role for calpain proteolysis of FAK in regulating adhesion dynamics in motile cells.
| S-EPMC2857020 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Integrin activation on hematopoietic cells is essential for platelet aggregation, leukocyte adhesion, and transmigration through endothelium and extracellular matrix into inflamed tissues. To migrate through matrix, leukocyte integrin adhesion complexes undergo dynamic changes. Here we show that Kindlin-3, a main activator and binding partner of integrins in hematopoietic cells, can be cleaved by calpain in an activation-dependent manner. This calpain-mediated cleavage occurs in platelets and leukocytes as well as in endothelial cells. We determined the calpain I cleavage site in Kindlin-3 at tyrosine 373 in the N-terminal part of Kindlin-3 pleckstrin homology domain. Expression of the calpain-resistant Y373N mutant of Kindlin-3 promotes stronger cell adhesion to extracellular matrix under flow as well as to activated endothelium. In contrast, Y373N mutation in Kindlin-3 hinders cell migration. Mechanistically, calpain-resistant Y373N mutant of Kindlin-3 exhibited an activation-independent association with ? integrin cytoplasm domain. Thus, cleavage of Kindlin-3 by calpain controls the dynamics of integrin-Kindlin-3 interaction and as a result, integrin-dependent adhesion and migration of hematopoietic cells. This represents a novel mechanism regulating reversibility of integrin adhesion complexes in leukocytes, which, in turn, is critical for their successful transmigration through the extracellular matrix.
| S-EPMC3501071 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The characteristics of protein tyrosine phosphorylation were examined in Rat-1 fibroblasts in response to endothelin-1 (ET-1) and 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Both agonists stimulated the biphasic tyrosine phosphorylation of at least three major proteins of approx. 120 kDa (pp116, pp120 and pp130) and two of 80 kDa (pp80 and pp70). Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that the pp120 protein corresponded to the recently described focal adhesion protein kinase pp125fak. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, alone or in combination with the calcium ionophore A23187, also stimulated the phosphorylation of pp125fak but to a smaller extent than LPA or ET-1. Removal of both extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ did not significantly reduce LPA- and ET-1-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125fak. In cells where protein kinase C activity was down-regulated or inhibited, ET-1-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125fak was reduced to a greater extent than phosphorylation in response to LPA. In addition, ET-1-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of pp80 was decreased by 50-70% in response to protein kinase C inhibition at both 2 and 60 min whereas LPA-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of this protein was only reduced at 2 min. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin reduced the tyrosine phosphorylation of pp42 and pp44 forms of mitogen-activated protein kinase in response to both ET-1 and LPA but reduced the tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125fak only in response to LPA. These results indicate agonist-specific differences in the regulation of pathways mediating the tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125fak and other target proteins.
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Project description:Adhesion controls growth cone motility, yet the effects of axon guidance cues on adhesion site dynamics are poorly understood. Here we show that ephrin-A1 reduces retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon outgrowth by stabilizing existing adhesions and inhibiting new adhesion assembly. Ephrin-A1 activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in an integrin- and Src-dependent manner and the effects of ephrin-A1 on growth cone motility require FAK activation. We also find that FAK is expressed in a high temporal to low nasal gradient in RGCs, similar to EphA receptors, and that balanced FAK activation is necessary for optimal axon outgrowth. Last, we find that FAK is required for proper topographic positioning of retinal axons along the anterior-posterior axis of the optic tectum in both Xenopus and zebrafish, a guidance decision mediated in part by A-type ephrins. Together, our data suggest that ephrin-A1 controls growth cone advance by modulating adhesive point contacts through FAK activation and that graded FAK signaling is an important component of ephrin-A-mediated retinotopic mapping.
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Project description:Integrins play a central role in cellular adhesion and anchorage of the cytoskeleton and participate in the generation of intracellular signals, including tyrosine phosphorylation. We have recently isolated a cDNA encoding a unique, focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase (FAK) that is a component of an integrin-mediated signal transduction pathway. Here we report the isolation of cDNAs encoding the C-terminal, noncatalytic domain of the FAK kinase, termed FRNK (FAK-related nonkinase). Both the FAK- and FRNK-encoded polypeptides, pp125FAK and p41/p43FRNK, are expressed in normal chicken embryo cells. pp125FAK and p41/p43FRNK were localized to focal adhesions, suggesting that pp125FAK is directed to the focal adhesions by sequences within its C-terminal domain. We also show that the fibronectin-dependent increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125FAK is accompanied by a concomitant posttranslational modification of p41FRNK.
| S-EPMC358961 | biostudies-other
Project description:The goal of this study was to identify transcripts, which are differentially regulatulated in the presence and absence of Focal Adhesion Kinase. As Focal Adhesion Kinase activity can depend upon cell density (Snijder et al. Nature 2009), biological replicates where cells, were seeded very sparsely or confluently, were used.
2013-09-17 | GSE43873 | GEO
Project description:The goal of this study was to identify transcripts, which are differentially regulatulated in the presence and absence of Focal Adhesion Kinase. As Focal Adhesion Kinase activity can depend upon cell density (Snijder et al. Nature 2009), biological replicates where cells, were seeded very sparsely or confluently, were used. Focal Adhesion Kinase Knockout (ATCC CRL-2644) and Rescue Cells (Sieg et al. 1998, clone DA2) were seeded at two different concentrations. Replicas refer to biological replicates, performed on different days. Only one single technical replicate has been done per biological replicate.
2013-09-17 | E-GEOD-43873 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cell signaling, proliferation, migration, and development. A major mechanism of regulation of FAK activity is an intramolecular autoinhibitory interaction between two of its domains--the catalytic and FERM domains. Upon cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, FAK is being translocated toward focal adhesion sites and activated. Interactions of FAK with phosphoinositide phosphatidylinsositol-4,5-bis-phosphate (PIP₂) are required to activate FAK. However, the molecular mechanism of the activation remains poorly understood. Recent fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments revealed a closure of the FERM-kinase interface upon ATP binding, which is reversed upon additional binding of PIP₂. Here, we addressed the allosteric regulation of FAK by performing all-atom molecular-dynamics simulations of a FAK fragment containing the catalytic and FERM domains, and comparing the dynamics in the absence or presence of ATP and PIP₂. As a major conformational change, we observe a closing and opening motion upon ATP and additional PIP₂ binding, respectively, in good agreement with the fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments. To reveal how the binding of the regulatory PIP₂ to the FERM F2 lobe is transduced to the very distant F1/N-lobe interface, we employed force distribution analysis. We identified a network of mainly charged residue-residue interactions spanning from the PIP₂ binding site to the distant interface between the kinase and FERM domains, comprising candidate residues for mutagenesis to validate the predicted mechanism of FAK activation.
| S-EPMC4317530 | biostudies-literature
Project description:While electrospun nanofibers have demonstrated the potential for novel tissue engineering scaffolds, very little is known about the molecular mechanism of how cells sense and adapt to nanofibers. Here, we revealed the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), one of the key molecular sensors in the focal adhesion complex, in regulating mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) shaping on nanofibers. We produced uniaxially aligned and randomly distributed nanofibers from poly(l-lactic acid) to have the same diameters (about 130 nm) and evaluated MSC behavior on these nanofibers comparing with that on flat PLLA control. C3H10T1/2 murine MSCs exhibited upregulations in FAK expression and phosphorylation (pY397) on nanofibrous cultures as assessed by immunoblotting, and this trend was even greater on aligned nanofibers. MSCs showed significantly elongated and well-spread morphologies on aligned and random nanofibers, respectively. In the presence of FAK silencing via small hairpin RNA (shRNA), cell elongation length in the aligned nanofiber direction (cell major axis length) was significantly decreased, while cells still showed preferred orientation along the aligned nanofibers. On random nanofibers, MSCs with FAK-shRNA showed impaired cell spreading resulting in smaller cell area and higher circularity. Our study provides new data on how MSCs shape their morphologies on aligned and random nanofibrous cultures potentially via FAK-mediated mechanism.
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Project description:Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a key regulator of cell adhesion and migration, is overexpressed in many types of cancer. The C-terminal focal adhesion targeting (FAT) domain of FAK is necessary for proper localization of FAK to focal adhesions and subsequent activation. Phosphorylation of Y926 in the FAT domain by the tyrosine kinase Src has been shown to promote metastasis and invasion in vivo by linking the FAT domain to the MAPK pathway via its interaction with growth factor receptor-bound protein 2. Several groups have reported that inherent conformational dynamics in the FAT domain likely regulate phosphorylation of Y926; however, what regulates these dynamics is unknown. In this paper, we demonstrate that there are two sites of in vitro Src-mediated phosphorylation in the FAT domain: Y926, which has been shown to affect FAK function in vivo, and Y1008, which has no known biological role. The phosphorylation of these two tyrosine residues is pH-dependent, but this does not reflect the pH dependence of Src kinase activity. Circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance data indicate that the stability and conformational dynamics of the FAT domain are sensitive to changes in pH over a physiological pH range. In particular, regions of the FAT domain previously shown to regulate phosphorylation of Y926 as well as regions near Y1008 show pH-dependent dynamics on the microsecond to millisecond time scale.
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