Formation of retinoic acid from retinol in the rat.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Emerick RJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1270286 | biostudies-other | 1967 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
Similar Datasets
Project description:1. The metabolism of retinoic acid and retinyl acetate labelled with (14)C in various positions was studied after intravenous injection of physiological amounts of these compounds into retinol-deficient rats. 2. Analysis of the resultant radio-activity in the urine, carbon dioxide and faeces led to a postulation of the existence of three major pathways for the metabolism of these two compounds. 3. Evidence is presented that retinoic acid and retinol are metabolized by either the same or at least similar pathways and that retinol becomes oxidized to the carboxyl state before any degradation of the isoprenoid side chain occurs. 4. It is not possible to decide from these data whether retinoic acid is an intermediate in the retinol pathway. 5. Possible sites for the regulation of retinol metabolism are discussed.
| S-EPMC1270285 | biostudies-other
Project description:All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) stimulates neurogenesis, dendritic growth of hippocampal neurons, and higher cognitive functions, such as spatial learning and memory formation. Although astrocyte-derived atRA has been considered a key factor in neurogenesis, little direct evidence identifies hippocampus cell types and the enzymes that biosynthesize atRA. Here we show that primary rat astrocytes, but not neurons, biosynthesize atRA using multiple retinol dehydrogenases (Rdh) of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene family and retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (Raldh). Astrocytes secrete atRA into their medium; neurons sequester atRA. The first step, conversion of retinol into retinal, is rate-limiting. Neurons and astrocytes both synthesize retinyl esters and reduce retinal into retinol. siRNA knockdown indicates that Rdh10, Rdh2 (mRdh1), and Raldh1, -2, and -3 contribute to atRA production. Knockdown of the Rdh Dhrs9 increased atRA synthesis ?40% by increasing Raldh1 expression. Immunocytochemistry revealed cytosolic and nuclear expression of Raldh1 and cytosol and perinuclear expression of Raldh2. atRA autoregulated its concentrations by inducing retinyl ester synthesis via lecithin:retinol acyltransferase and stimulating its catabolism via inducing Cyp26B1. These data show that adult hippocampus astrocytes rely on multiple Rdh and Raldh to provide a paracrine source of atRA to neurons, and atRA regulates its own biosynthesis in astrocytes by directing flux of retinol. Observation of cross-talk between Dhrs9 and Raldh1 provides a novel mechanism of regulating atRA biosynthesis.
| S-EPMC3283052 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cellular uptake of vitamin A (retinol) is essential for many biological functions. The Stra6 protein binds the serum retinol-binding protein, RBP4, and acts in conjunction with the enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase to facilitate retinol uptake in some cell types. We show that in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in some tissues, the Stra6 gene encodes two distinct mRNAs transcribed from two different promoters. Whereas both are all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-responsive in ES cells, the downstream promoter contains a half-site RA response element (RARE) and drives an ? 13-fold, RA-associated increase in luciferase reporter activity. We employed CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to show that the endogenous RARE is required for RA-induced transcription of both Stra6 isoforms. We further demonstrate that in ES cells, 1) both RAR? and RXR? are present at the Stra6 RARE; 2) RA increases co-activator p300 (KAT3B) binding and histone H3 Lys-27 acetylation at both promoters; 3) RA decreases Suz12 levels and histone H3 Lys-27 trimethylation epigenetic marks at both promoters; and 4) these epigenetic changes are diminished in the absence of RAR?. In the brains of WT mice, both the longer and the shorter Stra6 transcript (Stra6L and Stra6S, respectively) are highly expressed, whereas these transcripts are found only at low levels in RAR?(-/-) mice. In the brains of vitamin A-deficient mice, both Stra6L and Stra6S levels are decreased. In contrast, in the vitamin A-deficient kidneys, the Stra6L levels are greatly increased, whereas Stra6S levels are decreased. Our data show that kidneys respond to retinol deficiency by differential Stra6 promoter usage, which may play a role in the retention of retinol when vitamin A is low.
| S-EPMC4326842 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundValproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic and anti-migraine prophylactic drug. VPA exhibits two severe side effects, namely acute liver toxicity and teratogenicity. These side effects are usually seen at the genetic and somatic levels. The cited action mechanisms involve inhibition of histone deacetylase, hypofolatenemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, and reactive oxidative stress. The proteomic information associated with VPA teratogenicity is still unavailable. We hypothesized that proteomic analysis might help us identify functional proteins that could be relevantly affected by VPA, and this phenomenon could be very sensitive in early embryonic stage, resulting in VPA teratogenicity.Methodology/principal findingsProteomic analysis on the chicken embryos at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 28 showed that there were significant downregulations of ovotransferrins, carbonic anhydrase-2, retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4), NADH cytochrome b5 reductase 2 (CYB5R2), apolipoprotein A1, and protein SET, together with upregulation of 60S ribosomal protein L22. Among these, RBP4 was the most significantly downregulated (-32%). Kinetic analysis suggested that this situation could trigger hypervitaminosis A (+39.3%), a condition that has been well known to induce teratogenesis..Conclusions/significanceThis is the first report showing that VPA dowregulates RBP4. Our finding not only has led to a possible mechanism of VPA teratogenesis, but also has initiated new preventive strategies for avoiding VPA teratogeneis.
| S-EPMC3446952 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Retinol (ROL), the alcohol form of vitamin A, is known to control cell fate decision of various types of stem cells in the form of its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). However, little is known about whether ROL has regulatory effects on colonic stem cells. We examined in this study the effect of ROL on the growth of murine normal colonic cells cultured as organoids. As genes involved in RA synthesis from ROL were differentially expressed along the length of the colon, we tested the effect of ROL on proximal and distal colon organoids separately. We found that organoid forming efficiency and the expression level of Lgr5, a marker gene for colonic stem cells were significantly enhanced by ROL in the proximal colon organoids, but not in the distal ones. Interestingly, neither retinaldehyde (RAL), an intermediate product of the ROL-RA pathway, nor RA exhibited growth promoting effects on the proximal colon organoids, suggesting that ROL-dependent growth enhancement in organoids involves an RA-independent mechanism. This was confirmed by the observation that an inhibitor for RA-mediated gene transcription did not abrogate the effect of ROL on organoids. This novel role of ROL in stem cell maintenance in the proximal colon provides insights into the mechanism of region-specific regulation for colonic stem cell maintenance.
| S-EPMC5001647 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Retinoic acid (RA), the active derivative of vitamin A, has been implicated in various steps of cardiovascular development. The retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2) enzyme catalyzes the second oxidative step in RA biosynthesis and its loss of function creates a severe embryonic RA deficiency. Raldh2(-/-) knockout embryos fail to undergo heart looping and have impaired atrial and sinus venosus development. To understand the mechanism(s) producing these changes, we examined the contribution of the second heart field (SHF) to pharyngeal mesoderm, atria, and outflow tract in Raldh2(-/-) embryos. RA deficiency alters SHF gene expression in two ways. First, Raldh2(-/-) embryos exhibited a posterior expansion of anterior markers of the SHF, including Tbx1, Fgf8, and the Mlc1v-nlacZ-24/Fgf10 reporter transgene as well as of Islet1. This occurred at early somite stages, when cardiac defects became irreversible in an avian vitamin A-deficiency model, indicating that endogenous RA is required to restrict the SHF posteriorly. Explant studies showed that this expanded progenitor population cannot differentiate properly. Second, RA up-regulated cardiac Bmp expression levels at the looping stage. The contribution of the SHF to both inflow and outflow poles was perturbed under RA deficiency, creating a disorganization of the heart tube. We also investigated genetic cross-talk between Nkx2.5 and RA signaling by generating double mutant mice. Strikingly, Nkx2.5 deficiency was able to rescue molecular defects in the posterior region of the Raldh2(-/-) mutant heart, in a gene dosage-dependent manner.
| S-EPMC2268559 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A novel bacterial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) that converts retinal to retinoic acid was first identified in Bacillus cereus The amino acid sequence of ALDH from B. cereus (BcALDH) was more closely related to mammalian ALDHs than to bacterial ALDHs. This enzyme converted not only small aldehydes to carboxylic acids but also the large aldehyde all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinoic acid with NAD(P)(+) We newly found that BcALDH and human ALDH (ALDH1A1) could reduce all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol with NADPH. The catalytic residues in BcALDH were Glu266 and Cys300, and the cofactor-binding residues were Glu194 and Glu457. The E266A and C300A variants showed no oxidation activity. The E194S and E457V variants showed 15- and 7.5-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for the reduction of all-trans-retinal than the wild-type enzyme, respectively. The wild-type, E194S variant, and E457V variant enzymes with NAD(+) converted 400 ?M all-trans-retinal to 210 ?M all-trans-retinoic acid at the same amount for 240 min, while with NADPH, they converted 400 ?M all-trans-retinal to 20, 90, and 40 ?M all-trans-retinol, respectively. These results indicate that BcALDH and its variants are efficient biocatalysts not only in the conversion of retinal to retinoic acid but also in its conversion to retinol with a cofactor switch and that retinol production can be increased by the variant enzymes. Therefore, BcALDH is a novel bacterial enzyme for the alternative production of retinoic acid and retinol.Although mammalian ALDHs have catalyzed the conversion of retinal to retinoic acid with NAD(P)(+) as a cofactor, a bacterial ALDH involved in the conversion is first characterized. The biotransformation of all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinoic acid by BcALDH and human ALDH was altered to the biotransformation to all-trans-retinol by a cofactor switch using NADPH. Moreover, the production of all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol was changed by mutations at positions 194 and 457 in BcALDH. The alternative biotransformation of retinoids was first performed in the present study. These results will contribute to the biotechnological production of retinoids, including retinoic acid and retinol.
| S-EPMC4907186 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In mammals, the epithelial tissues of major salivary glands generate saliva and drain it into the oral cavity. For submandibular salivary glands (SMGs), the epithelial tissues arise during embryogenesis from naïve oral ectoderm adjacent to the base of the tongue, which begins to thicken, express SOX9 and invaginate into underlying mesenchyme. The developmental mechanisms initiating salivary gland development remain unexplored. In this study, we show that retinoic acid (RA) signaling activity at the site of gland initiation is colocalized with expression of retinol metabolic genes Rdh10 and Aldh1a2 in the underlying SMG mesenchyme. Utilizing a novel ex vivo assay for SMG initiation developed for this study, we show that RDH10 and RA are required for salivary gland initiation. Moreover, we show that the requirement for RA in gland initiation involves canonical signaling through retinoic acid receptors (RAR). Finally, we show that RA signaling essential for gland initiation is transduced specifically through RAR?, with no contribution from other RAR isoforms. This is the first study to identify a molecular signal regulating mammalian salivary gland initiation.
| S-EPMC6110144 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We showed that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases distal airspace wall thickness at birth (postnatal age 0; P0) in rat pups (saccular stage of lung development). However, that report did not assess whether the saccular phenotype persisted postnatally or occurred in males or females, nor did the report identify a potential molecular pathway for the saccular phenotype at P0. We hypothesized that IUGR persistently delays alveolar formation and disrupts retinoic acid receptor (RAR) mRNA and protein levels in the lung of rat pups in a postnatal age- and sex-specific manner.IUGR was induced in pregnant rats by bilateral uterine artery ligation. Alveolar formation and expression of RAR?, -?, and -? were quantified at P0, P6 (alveolar stage), and P21 (postalveolarization).IUGR increased distal airspace wall thickness in female pups at P0 only. IUGR did not affect male pups at any age. IUGR transiently increased lung RAR-? protein abundance, which inhibits alveolar formation, at P0 in female pups. Serum retinol concentration was normal at all ages.IUGR alone is not sufficient to persistently delay postnatal alveolar formation or disrupt expression of RARs. We speculate that for IUGR to delay alveolar formation postnatally, a second insult is necessary.
| S-EPMC4021738 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAll-trans retinoic acid (ATRA, tretinoin) is a vitamin A derivative commonly used in the treatment of diverse conditions ranging from cancer to acne. In a fraction of predisposed individuals, the administration of ATRA is accompanied by variety of adverse metabolic effects, particularly by the induction of hyperlipidemia. We have previously derived a minimal congenic SHR.PD-(D8Rat42-D8Arb23)/Cub (SHR-Lx) strain sensitive to ATRA-induced increase of triacylglycerols and cholesterol under condition of high-sucrose diet. SHR-Lx differs only by 7 genes of polydactylous rat (PD/Cub) origin from its spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) progenitor strain.MethodsAdult male rats of SHR and SHR-Lx strains were fed standard diet (STD) and experimental groups were subsequently treated with ATRA (15 mg/kg) via oral gavage for 16 days, while still on STD. We contrasted the metabolic profiles (including free fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TG) and cholesterol (C) in 20 lipoprotein fractions) between SHR and SHR-Lx under conditions of standard diet and standard diet?+?ATRA. We performed transcriptomic analysis of muscle tissue (m. soleus) in all groups using Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Gene 2.0 ST Arrays followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and real-time PCR validation.ResultsIn response to ATRA, SHR-Lx reacted with substantially greater rise in TG and C concentrations throughout the lipoprotein spectrum (two-way ANOVA strain * RA interaction significant for C content in chylomicrons (CM), VLDL and LDL as well as total, CM and HDL-TG).ConclusionsAccording to our modeling of metabolic and signalization pathways using differentially expressed genes we have identified a network with major nodes (including Sirt3, Il1b, Cpt1b and Pparg) likely to underlie the observed strain specific response to ATRA.
| S-EPMC4247747 | biostudies-literature