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Thrombelastographic changes and early rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Routine coagulation tests do not necessarily reflect haemostasis in vivo in cirrhotic patients, particularly those who have bleeding varices. Thrombelastography (TEG) can provide a global assessment of haemostatic function from initial clot formation to clot dissolution. AIM: To evaluate TEG changes in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding and their association with early rebleeding. PATIENTS/METHODS: Twenty cirrhotic patients with active variceal bleeding had serial TEG and routine coagulation tests daily for seven days. The TEG variables before the day of rebleeding (n = 6) were compared with those of patients without rebleeding (n = 14). RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of the rebleeding and non-rebleeding groups were comparable apart from a higher incidence of uncontrolled infection on the day of rebleeding in the rebleeding group (p = 0.007). The patients in the rebleeding group were more hypocoagulable before the day of rebleeding as shown by longer r (42 v 24 mm, p < 0.001) and k (48 v 13 mm, p < 0.001) and smaller a (12 v 38 degrees, p < 0.001) compared with the mean of daily results of the non-rebleeding group. Routine coagulation tests, however, showed no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The results of serial TEG measurements suggest that hypocoagulability may be associated with early rebleeding in cirrhotic patients.

SUBMITTER: Chau TN

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1727215 | biostudies-other | 1998 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Primary Prophylaxis to Prevent the Development of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Patients with Acute Variceal Bleeding.

Project description:Background and Aim:Variceal bleeding is the second most important precipitating factor related to the development of episodic hepatic encephalopathy; but to date there are no recommendations to prevent this complication. The aim of this study was to compare if primary prophylaxis with lactulose or L-ornithine L-aspartate or rifaximin, in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding, is better than placebo for avoiding the development of hepatic encephalopathy. Methods:A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02158182) which included cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding, without minimal or clinical hepatic encephalopathy at admission. Findings:87 patients were randomized to one of four groups. The basal characteristics were similar between groups. Comparatively with placebo, the frequency with regard to the development of hepatic encephalopathy was as follows: lactulose (54.5% versus 27.3%; OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.09-1.0; P = 0.06); L-ornithine L-aspartate (54.5% versus 22.7%, OR = 0.2, 95% CI 0.06-0.88; P = 0.03); rifaximin (54.5% versus 23.8%; OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.07-0.9; P = 0.04). There was no significant difference between the three groups receiving any antiammonium drug (P = 0.94). In the group receiving lactulose, 59.1% had diarrhea, and 45.5% had abdominal discomfort, bloating, and flatulence. Two patients (10%) treated with lactulose and a patient (4.5%) in the placebo group developed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to E. coli; one of them died due to recurrent variceal bleeding. There were no other adverse effects. Conclusions:Antiammonium drugs, particularly L-ornithine L-aspartate and rifaximin, proved to be effective in preventing the development of hepatic encephalopathy in those cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding.

| S-EPMC6069577 | biostudies-literature

Efficacy of endoscopic treatments for acute esophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Project description:Background and aim ?Guidelines recommend use of ligation and vasoactive drugs as first-line therapy and as grade A evidence for acute variceal bleeding (AVB), although Western studies about this issue are lacking. Methods ?We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic treatments for AVB in patients with cirrhosis. Trials that included patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, use of portocaval shunts or esophageal resection, balloon tamponade as first bleeding control measure, or that received placebo or elective treatment in one study arm were excluded. Results ?A total of 8382 publications were searched, of which 36 RCTs with 3593 patients were included. Ligation was associated with a significant improvement in bleeding control (relative risk [RR] 1.08; 95?% confidence interval [CI] 1.02?-?1.15) when compared to sclerotherapy. Sclerotherapy combined with vasoactive drugs showed higher efficacy in active bleeding control compared to sclerotherapy alone (RR 1.17; 95?% CI 1.10?-?1.25). The combination of ligation and vasoactive drugs was not superior to ligation alone in terms of overall rebleeding (RR 2.21; 95?%CI 0.55?-?8.92) and in-hospital mortality (RR 1.97; 95?%CI 0.78?-?4.97). Other treatments did not generate meta-analysis. Conclusions ?This study showed that ligation is superior to sclerotherapy, although with moderate heterogeneity. The combination of sclerotherapy and vasoactive drugs was more effective than sclerotherapy alone. Although current guidelines recommend combined use of ligation with vasoactive drugs in treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding, this study failed to demonstrate the superiority of this combined treatment.

| S-EPMC6811355 | biostudies-literature

Use of nonselective β blockers after variceal eradication in cirrhotic patients undergoing secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding: a critical review of current evidence.

Project description:Nonselective β blockers (NSBBs) combined with esophageal variceal ligation (EVL) are recommended for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB) in cirrhotic patients according to the current practice guidelines and consensus. However, until now, there is a paucity of recommendations regarding the use of NSBBs in cirrhotic patients who achieved variceal eradication. In this review paper, we firstly introduced a case who achieved variceal eradication after additional use of NSBBs for secondary prophylaxis of EVB and then did not require further endoscopic therapy during repeated endoscopic surveillance, and subsequently discuss the importance of NSBBs for secondary prophylaxis of EVB, the effect of NSBBs after variceal eradication, adherence to NSBBs, screening for variceal recurrence, and timing of endoscopic surveillance after variceal eradication.

| S-EPMC6628526 | biostudies-literature

Development and validation of prognostic model to predict mortality among cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding: A retrospective study.

Project description:Background and aimAcute variceal bleeding (AVB) is a serious complication associated with high mortality. The aim of our study was to investigate mortality predictors and to develop a new simplified prognostic model among cirrhotic patients with AVB.MethodsA simplified prognostic model was developed using multiple logistic regression after identifying significant predictors of 6-week mortality.ResultsA total of 713 consecutive patients with AVB were enrolled. The 6-week overall mortality rate was 18%. Multivariate analysis showed that shock, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, high-risk stigmata of esophageal varices on endoscopic finding, and Glasgow Blatchford score were independent predictors of mortality. A new logistic model using these variables was developed. This model (cutoff value ≥ 4) area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) was 0.93 and significantly higher than that of MELD score alone (0.74). Two validation analyses showed that the AUROC of our model was consistently high. The 6-week rebleeding rate was 25.3%. Multivariate analysis showed that MELD score, Glasgow Blatchford score, history of upper GI bleeding, shock, and alcohol use were independent predictors of rebleeding.ConclusionOur new simplified model accurately and consistently predicted 6-week mortality among patients with AVB using objective variables measured at admission. Patients with higher MELD scores should be closely monitored due to the higher probability of 6-week rebleeding.

| S-EPMC8171152 | biostudies-literature

Early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in US patients hospitalized with acute esophageal variceal bleeding.

Project description:Background and aimEarly transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) used as preventive therapy prior to recurrent bleeding has been recommended in patients presenting with acute esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB) who are at high risk of further bleeding and death. We investigated the impact of early TIPS on outcomes of US patients hospitalized with EVB from 2000 to 2010.MethodsThe Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was queried to identify patients with EVB and decompensated cirrhosis (because early TIPS is recommended only in high-risk patients). The primary outcome was in-hospital death, and secondary outcomes included rebleeding and hepatic encephalopathy. Early preventive TIPS was defined by placement within 3 days of hospitalization for acute EVB after one session of endoscopic therapy. Rescue TIPS was defined as TIPS after two interventions for EVB.ResultsThe study included 142 539 patients. From 2000 to 2010, the age-adjusted in-hospital mortality rate decreased 37.2% from 656 per 100 000 to 412 per 100 000 (P <0.01), while early and rescue TIPS increased (0.22% to 0.70%; P < 0.01 and 1.1% to 6.1%; P < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, as compared with no TIPS, early TIPS was associated with decreased inpatient mortality (risk ratio [RR] = 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-0.90) and rebleeding (RR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.45-0.71) without an increase in hepatic encephalopathy (RR = 1.01; 95% CI, 0.93-1.11).ConclusionEarly preventive TIPS in patients with EVB and decompensated cirrhosis was associated with significant in-hospital reductions in rebleeding and mortality without a significant increase in encephalopathy in "real-world" US clinical practice.

| S-EPMC5350067 | biostudies-literature

Isolated gastric variceal bleeding related to non-cirrhotic portal hypertension following oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy: A case report.

Project description:BackgroundSinusoidal obstruction syndrome has been reported after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy, but liver fibrosis and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH) are rarely reported.Case summaryHere, we describe the case of a 64-year-old woman who developed isolated gastric variceal bleeding 16 mo after completing eight cycles of oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine chemotherapy after colon cancer resection. Surprisingly, splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia were not accompanied by variceal bleeding, which has been reported to have predictive value for gastric variceal formation. However, a liver biopsy showed fibrosis in the portal area, suggesting NCPH. The patient underwent endoscopic treatment and experienced no further symptoms.ConclusionIt is necessary to guard against long-term complications after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Sometimes splenic size and platelet level may not always accurately predict the occurrence of portal hypertension.

| S-EPMC9346464 | biostudies-literature

Outcomes of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt and Gastric Coronary Vein Embolization for Variceal Bleeding in Cirrhotic Portal Hypertension

Project description: Not available

| S-EPMC10659130 | biostudies-literature

U.K. guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients.

Project description:These updated guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage have been commissioned by the Clinical Services and Standards Committee (CSSC) of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) under the auspices of the liver section of the BSG. The original guidelines which this document supersedes were written in 2000 and have undergone extensive revision by 13 members of the Guidelines Development Group (GDG). The GDG comprises elected members of the BSG liver section, representation from British Association for the Study of the Liver (BASL) and Liver QuEST, a nursing representative and a patient representative. The quality of evidence and grading of recommendations was appraised using the AGREE II tool.The nature of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients with its complex range of complications makes rigid guidelines inappropriate. These guidelines deal specifically with the management of varices in patients with cirrhosis under the following subheadings: (1) primary prophylaxis; (2) acute variceal haemorrhage; (3) secondary prophylaxis of variceal haemorrhage; and (4) gastric varices. They are not designed to deal with (1) the management of the underlying liver disease; (2) the management of variceal haemorrhage in children; or (3) variceal haemorrhage from other aetiological conditions.

| S-EPMC4680175 | biostudies-other

CT-Based Radiomics Score Can Accurately Predict Esophageal Variceal Rebleeding in Cirrhotic Patients.

Project description:Purpose: This study aimed to develop a radiomics score (Rad-score) extracted from liver and spleen CT images in cirrhotic patients to predict the probability of esophageal variceal rebleeding. Methods: In total, 173 cirrhotic patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. A total of 2,264 radiomics features of the liver and spleen were extracted from CT images. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression was used to select features and generate the Rad-score. Then, the Rad-score was evaluated by the concordance index (C-index), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess the risk stratification ability of the Rad-score. Results: Rad-scoreLiver, Rad-scoreSpleen, and Rad-scoreLiver-Spleen were independent risk factors for EV rebleeding. The Rad-scoreLiver-Spleen, which consisted of ten features, showed good discriminative performance, with C-indexes of 0.853 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.776-0.904] and 0.822 (95% CI, 0.749-0.875) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. The calibration curve showed that the predicted probability of rebleeding was very close to the actual probability. DCA verified the usefulness of the Rad-scoreLiver-Spleen in clinical practice. The Rad-scoreLiver-Spleen showed good performance in stratifying patients into high-, intermediate- and low-risk groups in both the training and validation cohorts. The C-index of the Rad-scoreLiver-Spleen in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) cohort was higher than that in the non-HBV cohort. Conclusion: The radiomics score extracted from liver and spleen CT images can predict the risk of esophageal variceal rebleeding and stratify cirrhotic patients accordingly.

| S-EPMC8599938 | biostudies-literature

Early-TIPS Versus Current Standard Therapy for Acute Variceal Bleeding in Cirrhosis Patients: A Systemic Review With Meta-analysis.

Project description:BackgroundThe survival of early placement (within 72h after admission) of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (early-TIPS) in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding (AVB) is controversial.ObjectivesWe performed a systemic review and meta-analysis to assess whether early-TIPS could improve survival in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding.MethodsA systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library published before 25 June 2019 for eligible studies that compared early-TIPS with a combination of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) and pharmacotherapy in the therapeutic effect in AVB patients.ResultsA total of five studies with 1,754 participants were enrolled. The early-TIPS demonstrated a significant improvement in prevention of treatment failure (OR=0.11,95%CI=0.05-0.23), 6-weeks mortality (OR=0.24,95%CI=0.13-0.46), rebleeding within 6 weeks (OR=0.21,95%CI=0.12-0.36), rebleeding within 1 year (OR=0.16,95%CI=0.07-0.36), new or worsening ascites (OR=0.33,95%CI=0.21-0.53), except in encephalopathy (OR=1.29,95%CI=0.996-1.67). For 1-year mortality, a significant prior effect was also observed in early-TIPS (OR=0.64,95%CI=0.46-0.90), and the beneficial effect in Child-Pugh C patients (OR=0.35,95%CI=0.18-0.68) was equal to Child-Pugh B patients (OR=0.34,95%CI=0.25-0.58). No difference in liver transplantation and mortality caused by liver failure was observed.ConclusionsEarly covered-TIPS could be recommended for the management of AVB patients in cirrhosis demonstrating a significant improvement in treatment failure, both short- and long-term mortality, rebleeding risk, and new or worsening ascites compared to standard therapy, especially for high-risk AVB patients. It will also apply to patients with Child-Pugh A until solutions to prevent hepatic encephalopathy in future research are found.

| S-EPMC7282546 | biostudies-literature

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