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Pioglitazone opposes neurogenic vascular dysfunction associated with chronic hyperinsulinaemia.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We previously demonstrated that chronic hyperinsulinaemia induced by drinking high levels of fructose augments adrenergic nerve-mediated vasoconstriction and suppresses vasodilatation mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing (CGRPergic) vasodilator nerves. In this study, the effects of pioglitazone on vascular responses induced by stimulation of adrenergic nerves, CGRPergic nerves and vasoactive agents were investigated in pithed rats given 15% fructose solution to drink (FDR). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: To assess the effect of pioglitazone on the altered vascular responsiveness in the hyperinsulinaemic state in vivo, changes in vascular responses to spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and intravenous bolus injections of noradrenaline, angiotensin II and CGRP were evaluated in pithed control rats and FDR either untreated or treated with pioglitazone. KEY RESULTS: In the pithed FDR, vasoconstrictor responses to SCS and to injections of noradrenaline and angiotensin II were significantly greater than those of pithed control rats. In pithed FDR with artificially increased blood pressure and blockade of the autonomic ganglia, the vasodilator responses to SCS and CGRP injection were significantly smaller than those of pithed control rats. Oral administration of pioglitazone to FDR for two weeks markedly decreased plasma levels of insulin, triglycerides and blood glucose. In FDR pioglitazone diminished the augmented vasoconstrictor responses to SCS, noradrenaline and angiotensin II, and ameliorated the decrease in vasodilator responses to SCS. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The present results suggest that pioglitazone improves not only insulin resistance, but also the dysfunctions in vascular control regulated by adrenergic and CGRPergic nerves in the hyperinsulinaemic state.

SUBMITTER: Takatori S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2437916 | biostudies-other | 2008 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:BackgroundIncreased arterial stiffness and vascular endothelial dysfunction are important nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors evident in patients with CKD. Vascular oxidative stress and inflammation may contribute to vascular dysfunction in CKD, but direct evidence is lacking.MethodsWe assessed carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (arterial stiffness) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (vascular endothelial function) in participants with moderate-to-severe CKD (eGFR 15-59 ml/min per 1.73 m2) and in healthy controls. Change in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation after an acute infusion of ascorbic acid to inhibit vascular oxidative stress (versus saline) was also measured. Protein expression of vascular endothelial cells collected from a peripheral vein and ELISAs to assess circulating markers were also performed.ResultsA total of 64 participants with CKD (mean±SD, 65±8 years) and 17 healthy controls (60±5 years) were included. Carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity was greater in participants with CKD compared with healthy controls (1071±336 versus 732±128 cm/s; P<0.001). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was lower in participants with CKD compared with healthy controls (3.5%±2.8% versus 5.5%±3.2%; P=0.02). Circulating inflammation markers (C-reactive protein and IL-6) were elevated in the CKD group (P≤0.02). Endothelial cell protein expression of NADPH (intensity versus human umbilical vein endothelial cell control, 1.48±0.28 versus 1.25±0.31; P=0.05) was greater in participants with CKD. However, ascorbic acid significantly improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in control participants (saline, 5.5±3.2; ascorbic acid, 6.8±3.6); as compared with participants with CKD (saline, 3.5±2.8; ascorbic acid, 3.6±3.2) (group×condition interaction P=0.04), suggesting vascular oxidative stress could not be overcome with ascorbic acid in participants with CKD.ConclusionsVascular oxidative stress is present in CKD, which cannot be overcome with acute infusion of ascorbic acid.

Project description:This study sought to evaluate whether impaired vasodilator function, an early manifestation of coronary artery disease, which precedes angiographic stenosis, accounts for increased risk among patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction.Patients with renal dysfunction are at increased risk of adverse cardiac outcomes, even in the absence of overt myocardial ischemia or infarction.We included 866 consecutive patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction referred for rest and stress myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography and followed them for a median of 1.28 years (interquartile range: 0.64 to 2.34). Regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities were assessed by semiquantitative visual analysis of positron emission tomography images. Rest and stress myocardial blood flow were calculated using factor analysis and a 2-compartment kinetic model; they were also used to compute coronary flow reserve (stress/rest myocardial blood flow). The primary endpoint was cardiac death.Overall, 3-year cardiac mortality was 16.2%. After adjusting for clinical risk, left ventricular ejection fraction, as well as the magnitude of scar and/or ischemia, coronary flow reserve below the median (<1.5) was associated with a 2.1-fold increase in the risk of cardiac death (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3 to 3.5, p = 0.004). Incorporation of coronary flow reserve into cardiac death risk assessment models resulted in an increase in the C-index from 0.75 to 0.77 (p = 0.05) and in a net reclassification improvement of 0.142 (95% CI: 0.076 to 0.219). Among patients at intermediate risk based on all data other than coronary flow reserve, the net reclassification improvement was 0.489 (95% CI: 0.192 to 0.836). Corresponding improvements in risk assessment for mortality from any cause were also demonstrated.The presence of coronary vascular dysfunction in patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction, as assessed by positron emission tomography, is a powerful, independent predictor of cardiac mortality and provides meaningful incremental risk stratification over conventional markers of clinical risk.

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Pioglitazone opposes neurogenic vascular dysfunction associated with chronic hyperinsulinaemia.

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