Interactive spaced-education to teach the physical examination: a randomized controlled trial.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kerfoot BP
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2517927 | biostudies-other | 2008 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:ContextProstate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is frequently performed, counter to clinical practice guidelines.BackgroundIt was hypothesized that an e-mail-based intervention termed "spaced education" could reduce clinicians' inappropriate screening for prostate cancer.DesignThe study was conducted as an RCT.Setting/participantsThe study involved 95 primary care clinicians in eight Veterans Affairs medical centers from January 2007 to February 2009.InterventionParticipants were randomized into two cohorts: spaced education clinicians received four isomorphic cycles of nine e-mails over 36 weeks (zero to two e-mails per week), whereas control clinicians received no intervention. Each e-mail presented a clinical scenario and asked whether it was appropriate to obtain a PSA test. Participants received immediate feedback after submitting their answers.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the number and percentage of inappropriate PSA screening tests ordered. Inappropriate testing was defined as use of PSA for prostate cancer screening in patients aged >76 or <40 years. Appropriateness of screening was dichotomized based on patient age at time of screening. Patients with PSA testing for non-screening reasons were excluded using a validated protocol. Logistic regression with adjustment for patient clustering by clinician was performed. Analyses were conducted in 2009.ResultsDuring the intervention period (Weeks 1-36), clinicians receiving spaced education e-mails ordered significantly fewer inappropriate PSA screening tests than control clinicians (10.5% vs 14.2%, p=0.041). Over the 72-week period following the intervention (Weeks 37-108), spaced education clinicians continued to order fewer inappropriate tests compared to controls (7.8% vs 13.1%, respectively, p=0.011), representing a 40% relative reduction in inappropriate screening.ConclusionsSpaced education durably improves the prostate cancer screening behaviors of clinicians and represents a promising new methodology to improve patient care across healthcare systems.
| S-EPMC2994103 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Spaced education is a learning strategy to improve knowledge acquisition and retention. To date, no robust evidence exists to support the utility of spaced education in the Family Medicine residency. We aimed to test whether alerts to encourage spaced education can improve clinical knowledge as measured by scores on the Canadian Family Medicine certification examination.MethodWe conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial to empirically and pragmatically test spaced education using two versions of the Family Medicine Study Guide mobile app. 12 residency training programs in Canada agreed to participate. At six intervention sites, we consented 335 of the 654 (51%) eligible residents. Residents in the intervention group were sent alerts through the app to encourage the answering of questions linked to clinical cases. At six control sites, 299 of 586 (51%) residents consented. Residents in the control group received the same app but with no alerts. Incidence rates of case completion between trial arms were compared using repeated measures analysis. We linked residents in both trial arms to their knowledge scores on the certification examination of the College of Family Physicians of Canada.ResultsOver 67 weeks, there was no statistically significant difference in the completion of clinical cases by participants. The difference in mean exam scores and the associated confidence interval did not exceed the pre-defined limit of 4 percentage points.ConclusionFurther research is recommended before deploying spaced educational interventions in the Family Medicine residency to improve knowledge.
| S-EPMC8338813 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Many patients with high blood pressure (BP) do not have antihypertensive medications appropriately intensified at clinician visits. We investigated whether an online spaced-education (SE) game among primary care clinicians can decrease time to BP target among their hypertensive patients.A 2-arm randomized trial was conducted over 52 weeks among primary care clinicians at 8 hospitals. Educational content consisted of 32 validated multiple-choice questions with explanations on hypertension management. Providers were randomized into 2 groups: SE clinicians were enrolled in the game, whereas control clinicians received identical educational content in an online posting. SE game clinicians were e-mailed 1 question every 3 days. Adaptive game mechanics resent questions in 12 or 24 days if answered incorrectly or correctly, respectively. Clinicians retired questions by answering each correctly twice consecutively. Posting of relative performance among peers fostered competition. Primary outcome measure was time to BP target (<140/90 mm Hg). One hundred eleven clinicians enrolled. The SE game was completed by 87% of clinicians (48/55), whereas 84% of control clinicians (47/56) read the online posting. In multivariable analysis of 17 866 hypertensive periods among 14 336 patients, the hazard ratio for time to BP target in the SE game cohort was 1.043 (95% confidence interval, 1.007-1.081; P=0.018). The number of hypertensive episodes needed to treat to normalize one additional patient's BP was 67.8. The number of clinicians needed to teach to achieve this was 0.43.An online SE game among clinicians generated a modest but significant reduction in the time to BP target among their hypertensive patients.http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00904007.
| S-EPMC4040124 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Spaced education and the testing effect are both educational methods that increase long-term memory formation; however, these can be difficult to implement during residency training given time constraints. Text messaging is ubiquitous but has not been studied as a spaced education tool.Objective: Assess if text messaging improves resident knowledge during an inpatient pediatric pulmonary rotation.Methods: A prospective randomized control study with pediatric residents on a pulmonary inpatient rotation was conducted at an urban free-standing children's hospital between 2016 and 2017. The intervention arm received one daily multiple-choice text message scenario and a scripted teaching text for each response. Both arms received standard pulmonary education. Knowledge was assessed using a 23-item pretest and posttest with unique, nonrepeated items with fair reliability, following iterative revisions. Perceived value of texting was assessed using Likert scales. Paired and unpaired t tests compared knowledge and value scores. The difference between pretest and posttest scores (delta) for both arms was calculated, then compared using an unpaired t test. Spearman's rho evaluated maturation bias. Analysis of variance evaluated year of training as a confounding factor.Results: A total of 65 residents were randomized, with a response rate of 81%. Posttest mean scores were lower than pretest in both arms, attributed to more difficult questions randomized to the posttest. The intervention arm scored higher on the posttest (P = 0.04). However, the delta mean did not show a statistically significant difference (P = 0.6). Text messaging was viewed as "effective" by 80% of participants in the intervention arm.Conclusion: A scripted text messaging intervention is perceived as effective by learners but did not result in measurable increased resident knowledge.
| S-EPMC8043317 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Given the documented decline in levels of physical activity in early adolescence, promoting physical activity in young people is a priority for health promotion. School physical education (PE) is an important existing network in which participation in physical activity beyond school can be promoted to the captive young people. The objective of current article is to present the protocol for a PE teacher-delivered theory-based trial to promote secondary school students' participation in physical activity out-of-school contexts. The intervention will be guided by the trans-contextual model explaining the processes by which PE teachers' support for autonomous motivation in the classroom promotes students' motivation to engage in out-of-school physical activity. We hypothesize that school students receiving the teacher-delivered intervention to promote autonomous motivation toward physical activity will exhibit greater participation in physical activities outside of school, relative to students receiving a control intervention. METHODS:The trial will adopt a waitlist-control design with cluster-randomization by school. PE teachers assigned to the intervention condition will receive a two-week, 12-h training program comprising basic information on how to promote out-of-school physical activity and theory-based training on strategies to promote students' autonomous motivation toward physical activity. Teachers assigned to the waitlist control condition will receive an alternative training on how to monitor physical functional capacity in children with special needs. PE teachers (n?=?29) from eleven schools will apply the intervention program to students (n?=?502) in PE classes for one month. Physical activity participation, the primary outcome variable, and psychological mediators from the trans-contextual model will be measured at pre-trial, post-trial, and at one-, three- and six-months post-trial. We will also assess teachers' autonomy-supportive techniques and behaviours by observation. DISCUSSION:The study will make a unique contribution to the literature by testing a theory-based intervention delivered by PE teachers to promote school students' participation in out-of-school physical activity. Information will be useful for educators, community stakeholders and policy makers interested in developing programs to promote students' out-of-school physical activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ISRCTN39374060 . Registered 19.7.2018.
| S-EPMC6364480 | biostudies-other
Project description:BACKGROUNDMetabolic health in people with obesity is determined by body composition. In this study, we examined the influence of a combined strength exercise and motivational programme -embedded in the school curriculum- on adolescents body composition and daily physical activity.METHODSA total of 695 adolescents (11-15y) from nine Dutch secondary schools participated in a one year cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT). In the intervention schools, physical education teachers were instructed to spend 15-30 min of all physical education lessons (2× per week) on strength exercises. Monthly motivational lessons were given to stimulate students to be more physically active. Control schools followed their usual curriculum. The primary outcome measure was body composition assessed by the deuterium dilution technique. Daily physical activity and sedentary behaviour measured by accelerometry served as a secondary outcome.RESULTSAfter 1 year, a 1.6% fat mass difference was found in favour of the intervention group (p?=?.007). This reflected a 0.9 kg difference in fat free mass (intervention>control; p?=?.041) and 0.7 kg difference in fat mass (intervention<control; p?=?.054). Daily physical activity decreased from baseline to posttest in both groups, but less so in the intervention group (p?=?.049). After 1 year, a difference of 0.4% was found for moderate to vigorous physical activities in favour of the intervention group (p?=?.046). No differences in sedentary behaviour, or light physical activity were found between groups.CONCLUSIONIn 11-15 year olds, the combination of strength exercises plus motivational lessons contributed to an improvement in body composition and a smaller decrease in physical activity level. TRIAL REGISTRATION ID: ( NTR5676 - retrospectively registered 8 February 2016; enrolment of first participant: 2 March 2015).
| S-EPMC6156874 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundFirearms injuries present a major pediatric public health challenge in the United States. This study protocol describes research to develop and then conduct a randomized clinical trial to evaluate ShootSafe, an interactive, engaging, educational website to teach children firearms safety. ShootSafe has three primary goals: (a) teach children basic knowledge and skills needed to hunt, shoot, and use firearms safely; (b) help children learn and hone critical cognitive skills of impulse control and hypothetical thinking needed to use firearms safely; and (c) alter children's perceptions about their own vulnerability and susceptibility to firearms-related injuries, the severity of those injuries, and their perceived norms about peer behavior surrounding firearms use. ShootSafe will accomplish these goals through a combination of interactive games plus short, impactful testimonial videos and short expert-led educational videos.MethodsFollowing website development, ShootSafe will be evaluated through a randomized controlled trial with 162 children ages 10-12, randomly assigning children to engage in ShootSafe or an active control website. Multiple self-report, computer-based, and behavioral measures will assess functioning at baseline, immediately following training, and at 4-month follow-up. Four sets of outcomes will be considered: firearms safety knowledge; cognitive skills in impulse control and hypothetical thinking; perceptions about firearms safety; and simulated behavior when handling, storing and transporting firearms. Training in both conditions will comprise two 45-min sessions.DiscussionIf results are as hypothesized, ShootSafe offers potential as a theory-based program to teach children firearms safety in an accessible, engaging and educational manner. Translation into practice is highly feasible.Trial registrationThe study protocol was registered on 11/10/20 at clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT04622943 ).
| S-EPMC7866873 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Physical activity (PA) improves many facets of health. Despite this, the majority of American adults are insufficiently active. Adults who visit a physician complaining of chest pain and related cardiovascular symptoms are often referred for further testing. However, when this testing does not reveal an underlying disease or pathology, patients typically receive no additional standard care services. A PA intervention delivered within the clinic setting may be an effective strategy for improving the health of this population at a time when they may be motivated to take preventive action. OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to determine the effectiveness of a tailored, computer-based, interactive personal action planning session to initiate PA among a group of sedentary cardiac patients following exercise treadmill testing (ETT). METHODS:This study was part of a larger 2x2 randomized controlled trial to determine the impact of environmental and social-cognitive intervention approaches on the initiation and maintenance of weekly PA for patients post ETT. Participants who were referred to an ETT center but had a negative-test (ie, stress tests results indicated no apparent cardiac issues) were randomized to one of four treatment arms: (1) increased environmental accessibility to PA resources via the provision of a free voucher to a fitness facility in close proximity to their home or workplace (ENV), (2) a tailored social cognitive intervention (SC) using a "5 As"-based (ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange) personal action planning tool, (3) combined intervention of both ENV and SC approaches (COMBO), or (4) a matched contact nutrition control (CON). Each intervention was delivered using a computer-based interactive session. A general linear model for repeated measures was conducted with change in PA behavior from baseline to 1-month post interactive computer session as the primary outcome. RESULTS:Sedentary participants (n=452; 34.7% participation rate) without a gym membership (mean age 58.57 years; 59% female, 78% white, 12% black, 11% Hispanic) completed a baseline assessment and an interactive computer session. PA increased across the study sample (F1,441=30.03, P<.001). However, a time by condition interaction (F3,441=8.33, P<.001) followed by post hoc analyses indicated that SC participants exhibited a significant increase in weekly PA participation (mean 45.1, SD 10.2) compared to CON (mean -2.5, SD 10.8, P=.004) and ENV (mean 8.3, SD 8.1, P<.05). Additionally, COMBO participants exhibited a significant increase in weekly PA participation (mean 53.4, SD 8.9) compared to CON (P<.001) and ENV (P=.003) participants. There were no significant differences between ENV and CON or between SC and COMBO. CONCLUSIONS:A brief, computer-based, interactive personal action planning session may be an effective tool to initiate PA within a health care setting, in particular as part of the ETT system. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00432133, http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00432133 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6aa8X3mw1).
| S-EPMC4642390 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We conducted an international, interdisciplinary teach-the-teacher course to sensitize physicians from different countries to ethical issues in medical education. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of this course.Before and after participating in a short session on ethical issues in medical education, 97 physicians from different countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe completed a self-assessment questionnaire on their competence and interest in this field. The short session consisted of working in small groups to identify, analyze and discuss ethical dilemmas described in case vignettes adapted from published examples or written by medical students. In addition to the questionnaire, we conducted a large-group experience to explore four basic orientations of participants in ethical thinking: relativism, intentionalism, consequentialism, and absolutism.We found a significant self-perceived increase in the participants' ability to identify and describe ethical issues and students' dilemmas, in their knowledge about these issues and teaching professionalism, and in their ability to describe both students' perspectives and teachers' and students' behaviors. In addition, participants' feeling of understanding their own culturally learned patterns of determining what is right and wrong increased after taking part in the course. The four contrasting basic ethical orientations showed no significant differences between participants regarding nationality, age, or gender.Ethics of education is an important issue for medical teachers. Teachers' self-perceived competence can be increased by working on case vignettes in small groups.
| S-EPMC4894361 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundOne central goal of physical education in many countries is to empower students to be physically active throughout their lifespan. Physical activity-related health competence (PAHCO) encompasses physical, cognitive, and motivational elements associated with the individuals' ability to be physically active in a health-enhancing way. To date, there is a lack of empirical evidence concerning effective programs and methods to promote PAHCO in physical education. The purpose of this study is to examine to what extent a health and physical fitness-related program that includes learning tasks integrating theoretical and practical elements promotes students' PAHCO in physical education.Design/methodsThis study is a cluster randomized controlled trial that compares two physical education intervention programs on health and physical fitness (IG-run, IG-game play) with regular physical education lessons (CG-run, CG-game play) in secondary schools in Germany. Forty-eight physical education classes (ninth grade) were recruited and randomly allocated to the four study groups. The intervention programs include six physical education lessons on health and physical fitness and only differ in the type of physical activity that is executed (running and jumping vs. small-sided games). The students' PAHCO is examined both pre- and post-intervention and after 8-12 weeks of follow-up. We also determine various process variables during the intervention period to analyze the intervention fidelity.DiscussionThe results of this study provide evidence on whether a combination of theoretical and practical elements in physical education can enhance students' PAHCO. Beyond that, our process analyses will allow differentiated insights into the mechanism of how the intervention programs work.Trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), DRKS-ID: DRKS00016349 . Retrospectively registered on 10 January 2019.
| S-EPMC6458821 | biostudies-literature