Calcium and pH-dependent packing and release of the gel-forming MUC2 mucin.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Ambort D
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3326483 | biostudies-other | 2012 Apr
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:MUC2 is the major gel-forming mucin of the colon forming a protective gel barrier organized into an inner stratified and an outer loose layer. The MUC2 N-terminus (D1-D2-D'D3 domains) has a dual function in building a net-like structure by disulfide-bonded trimerization and packing the MUC2 polymer into an N-terminal concatenated polygonal platform with the C-termini extending perpendicularly by pH- and calcium-dependent interactions. We studied the N-terminal D'D3 domain by producing three recombinant variants, with or without Myc tag and GFP (green fluorescent protein), and analyzed these by gel filtration, electron microscopy and single particle image processing. The three variants were all trimers when analyzed upon denaturing conditions but eluted as hexamers upon gel filtration under native conditions. Studies by electron microscopy and three-dimensional maps revealed cage-like structures with 2- and 3-fold symmetries. The structure of the MUC2 D3 domain confirms that the MUC2 mucin forms branched net-like structures. This suggests that the MUC2 mucin is stored with two N-terminal concatenated ring platforms turned by 180° against each other, implicating that every second unfolded MUC2 net in mature mucus is turned upside down.
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Project description:MUC5B is a major polymeric mucin in the airway mucus gel and is an essential component of innate defense of the respiratory epithelium. Knowledge of the synthesis and intracellular processing of MUC5B is incomplete. We investigated the molecular details of MUC5B assembly in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Electrophoretic and centrifugal separations of intracellular forms of MUC5B probed with antibodies specific for non-O-glycosylated and O-glycosylated forms of the mucin identified three major intracellular populations of MUC5B (non-O-glycosylated monomer and dimer, and O-glycosylated polymers). Biophysical analysis of recombinant MUC5B COOH-terminus (CT5B; D4-B-C-CK) expressed in 293-EBNA cells showed that MUC5B dimerizes by disulfide linkage. Pulse-chase studies in the HBEC ALI cultures showed that non-O-glycosylated MUC5B was synthesized within 20 min of metabolic labeling and O-glycosylated, polymeric mucin within 2 h. Radiolabeled O-glycosylated mucin polymers were secreted within 2 h and the majority were released by 48 h. These data indicate that MUC5B follows a similar assembly to the related glycoprotein, von Willebrand factor (vWF); however, unlike vWF the MUC5B polypeptide shows no evidence of major proteolytic processing of D-domains during the production of the mature secreted polymeric mucin in normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) primary bronchial epithelial cells. In contrast, MUC5B D-domains were modified by neutrophil elastase, a protease commonly found in CF sputum, demonstrating that proteolytic degradation of MUC5B is an extracellular event in CF sputum. These results define the pathway for synthesis of MUC5B in primary human goblet cells.
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Project description:Gel-forming mucins are macromolecules produced by goblet cells and responsible for the mucus gel formation. Changes in goblet cell density and in gel-forming mucin production have emerged as sensitive indicators for mucosal diseases. A Muc5b-GFP tagged reporter mouse was used to assess Muc5b production in mouse tissues by immunofluorescence microscopy and fluorescent activity using stereromicroscopy and probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy. Muc5b production was followed longitudinally by recording the fluorescent activity in vagina and in embryonic lung explants under stimulation by interleukin 13. We show that the GFP is easily visualized in the mouse adult ear, nose, trachea, gallbladder, and cervix. Live Muc5b is also easily monitored in the nasal cavity, trachea and vagina where its production varies during the estrus cycle with a peak at the proestrus phase and in pregnant mice. Explant culture of reporter mouse embryonic whole lung shows that interleukin 13 stimulates Muc5b production. The transgenic Muc5b-GFP mouse is unique and suitable to study the mechanisms that regulate Muc5b production/secretion and mucous cell differentiation by live imaging and can be applied to test drug efficacy in mucosal disease models.
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Project description:Mucins are essential components in mucus gels that form protective barriers at all epithelial surfaces, but much remains unknown about their assembly, intragranular organization, and post-secretion unfurling to form mucus. MUC5B is a major polymeric mucin expressed by respiratory epithelia, and we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved during its assembly. Studies of intact polymeric MUC5B revealed a single high affinity calcium-binding site, distinct from multiple low affinity sites on each MUC5B monomer. Self-diffusion studies with intact MUC5B showed that calcium binding at the protein site catalyzed reversible cross-links between MUC5B chains to form networks. The site of cross-linking was identified in the MUC5B D3-domain as it was specifically blocked by D3 peptide antibodies. Biophysical analysis and single particle EM of recombinant MUC5B N terminus (D1D2D'D3; NT5B) and subdomains (D1, D1-D2, D2-D'-D3, and D3) generated structural models of monomers and disulfide-linked dimers and suggested that MUC5B multimerizes by disulfide linkage between D3-domains to form linear polymer chains. Moreover, these analyses revealed reversible homotypic interactions of NT5B at low pH and in high calcium, between disulfide-linked NT5B dimers, but not monomers. These results enable a model of MUC5B to be derived, which predicts mechanisms of mucin intracellular assembly and storage, which may be common to the other major gel-forming polymeric mucins.
| S-EPMC4047408 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Four of the genes that encode gel-forming mucins, which are major components of the mucus layer protecting many epithelial surfaces, are clustered at chromosome 11p15.5 and show both cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns. We aimed to determine whether the individual genes were coordinately regulated by mechanisms involving higher order chromatin structure. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) sites were predicted in silico and CTCF occupancy then evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. CTCF was found at many sites across the gene cluster, and its binding was correlated with mucin gene expression. Next, siRNA-mediated depletion of CTCF was shown to increase MUC2 expression in A549 lung carcinoma cells and both MUC6 and MUC5AC expression in LS180 colon carcinoma cells. These changes correlated with loss of CTCF binding at multiple sites, although others retained occupancy. In cells actively expressing the mucins, the gene cluster was shown by chromosome conformation capture to form looped three-dimensional structures with direct interactions between the MUC2 promoter region, regions 30 kb 5' to it, close to the MUC6 promoter and others near the 3' end of MUC5AC, >170 kb away. Finally, to demonstrate the importance of CTCF binding to mucin gene expression, Calu-3 lung carcinoma cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS increased the expression of MUC2 and MUC5AC and reduced MUC5B. CTCF occupancy was concurrently depleted at specific binding sites close to these genes. These data suggest that CTCF binding and cell type-specific long-range interactions across the 11p15.5 gene cluster are critical mechanisms for coordinating gel-forming mucin gene expression.
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Project description:Paneth cells are a key subset of secretory epithelial cells found at the base of small intestinal crypts. Unlike intestinal goblet cells, which secrete the mucin Muc2, Paneth cells are best known for producing an array of antimicrobial factors. We unexpectedly identified Muc2 staining localized around Paneth cell granules. Electron microscopy (EM) confirmed an electron lucent halo around these granules, which was lost in Paneth cells from Muc2-deficient (-/-) mice. EM and immunostaining for lysozyme revealed that Muc2-/- Paneth cells contained larger, more densely packed granules within their cytoplasm, and we detected defects in the transcription of key antimicrobial genes in the ileal tissues of Muc2-/- mice. Enteroids derived from the small intestine of wild-type and Muc2-/- mice revealed phenotypic differences in Paneth cells similar to those seen in vivo. Moreover, lysozyme-containing granule release from Muc2-/- enteroid Paneth cells was shown to be impaired. Surprisingly, Paneth cells within human ileal and duodenal tissues were found to be Muc2 negative. Thus Muc2 plays an important role in murine Paneth cells, suggesting links in function with goblet cells; however human Paneth cells lack Muc2, highlighting that caution should be applied when linking murine to human Paneth cell functions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate for the first time that murine Paneth cell granules possess a halo comprised of the mucin Muc2. The presence of Muc2 exerts an impact on Paneth cell granule size and number and facilitates the release and dispersal of antimicrobials into the mucus layer. Interestingly, despite the importance of Muc2 in murine Paneth cell function, our analysis of Muc2 in human intestinal tissues revealed no trace of Muc2 expression by human Paneth cells.
| S-EPMC6139647 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We normally live in symbiosis with approximately 10(13) bacteria present in the colon. Among the several mechanisms maintaining the bacteria/host balance, there is limited understanding of the structure, function, and properties of intestinal mucus. We now demonstrate that the mouse colonic mucus consists of two layers extending 150 mum above the epithelial cells. Proteomics revealed that both of these layers have similar protein composition, with the large gel-forming mucin Muc2 as the major structural component. The inner layer is densely packed, firmly attached to the epithelium, and devoid of bacteria. In contrast, the outer layer is movable, has an expanded volume due to proteolytic cleavages of the Muc2 mucin, and is colonized by bacteria. Muc2(-/-) mice have bacteria in direct contact with the epithelial cells and far down in the crypts, explaining the inflammation and cancer development observed in these animals. These findings show that the Muc2 mucin can build a mucus barrier that separates bacteria from the colon epithelia and suggest that defects in this mucus can cause colon inflammation.
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Project description:PURPOSE:Tumors that secrete large volumes of mucus are chemotherapy resistant, however, mechanisms underlying this resistance are unknown. One protein highly expressed in mucin secreting breast cancers is the secreted mucin, Mucin 2 (MUC2). While MUC2 is expressed in some breast cancers it is absent in normal breast tissue, implicating it in breast cancer. However, the effects of MUC2 on breast cancer are largely unknown. This study examined the role of MUC2 in modulating breast cancer proliferation, response to chemotherapy and metastasis. METHODS:Using patient derived xenografts we developed two novel cell lines, called BCK4 and PT12, which express high levels of MUC2. To modulate MUC2 levels, BCK4 and PT12 cells were engineered to express shRNA targeted to MUC2 (shMUC2, low MUC2) or a non-targeting control (shCONT, high MUC2) and proliferation and apoptosis were measured in vitro and in vivo. BCK4 cells with shCONT or shMUC2 were labeled with GFP-luciferase and examined in an experimental metastasis model; disease burden and site specific dissemination were monitored by intravital imaging and fluorescence guided dissection, respectively. RESULTS:Proliferation decreased in BCK4 and PT12 shMUC2 cells versus control cells both in vitro and in vivo. Chemotherapy induced minimal apoptosis in control cells expressing high MUC2 but increased apoptosis in shMUC2 cells containing low MUC2. An experimental metastasis model showed disease burden decreased when breast cancer cells contained low versus high MUC2. Treatment with Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) increased MUC2 expression in BCK4 cells; this induction was abolished by the EGF-receptor inhibitor, Erlotinib. CONCLUSIONS:MUC2 plays an important role in mediating proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis of breast cancer cells. MUC2 may be important in guiding treatment and predicting outcomes in breast cancer patients.
| S-EPMC6813790 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The mucus that covers and protects the epithelium of the intestine is built around its major structural component, the gel-forming MUC2 mucin. The gel-forming mucins have traditionally been assumed to be secreted as nonattached. The colon has a two-layered mucus system where the inner mucus is attached to the epithelium, whereas the small intestine normally has a nonattached mucus. However, the mucus of the small intestine of meprin ?-deficient mice was now found to be attached. Meprin ? is an endogenous zinc-dependent metalloprotease now shown to cleave the N-terminal region of the MUC2 mucin at two specific sites. When recombinant meprin ? was added to the attached mucus of meprin ?-deficient mice, the mucus was detached from the epithelium. Similar to meprin ?-deficient mice, germ-free mice have attached mucus as they did not shed the membrane-anchored meprin ? into the luminal mucus. The ileal mucus of cystic fibrosis (CF) mice with a nonfunctional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel was recently shown to be attached to the epithelium. Addition of recombinant meprin ? to CF mucus did not release the mucus, but further addition of bicarbonate rendered the CF mucus normal, suggesting that MUC2 unfolding exposed the meprin ? cleavage sites. Mucus is thus secreted attached to the goblet cells and requires an enzyme, meprin ? in the small intestine, to be detached and released into the intestinal lumen. This process regulates mucus properties, can be triggered by bacterial contact, and is nonfunctional in CF due to poor mucin unfolding.
| S-EPMC4151749 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The colonic mucus layer is organized as a two-layered system providing a physical barrier against pathogens and simultaneously harboring the commensal flora. The factors contributing to the organization of this gel network are not well understood. In this study, the impact of transglutaminase activity on this architecture was analyzed. Here, we show that transglutaminase TGM3 is the major transglutaminase-isoform expressed and synthesized in the colon. Furthermore, intrinsic extracellular transglutaminase activity in the secreted mucus was demonstrated in vitro and ex vivo. Absence of this acyl-transferase activity resulted in faster degradation of the major mucus component the MUC2 mucin and changed the biochemical properties of mucus. Finally, TGM3-deficient mice showed an early increased susceptibility to Dextran Sodium Sulfate-induced colitis. Here, we report that natural isopeptide cross-linking by TGM3 is important for mucus homeostasis and protection of the colon from inflammation, reducing the risk of colitis.
| S-EPMC8752817 | biostudies-literature