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Maternal smoking during pregnancy predicts adult offspring cardiovascular risk factors - evidence from a community-based large birth cohort study.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with offspring obesity. However, little is known about whether maternal smoking in pregnancy predicts other offspring cardiovascular risk factors including waist circumference (WC), waist-hip-ratio (WHR), pulse rate (PR), systolic (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). METHODS: We studied a sub-sample of 2038 (50% males) young adults who were born in Brisbane, Australia to investigate the prospective association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with young adult cardiovascular risk factors. We compared offspring mean BMI, WC, WHR, SBP, DBP and PR and the risk of being overweight and obese at 21 years by three mutually exclusive categories of maternal smoking status defined as never smoked, smoked before and/or after pregnancy but not in pregnancy or smoked during pregnancy and other times. RESULTS: Offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy had greater mean BMI, WC, WHR and PR and they were at greater risk of being obese at 21 years compared to offspring of those mothers who never smoked. The mean of these risk factors among those adult offspring whose mothers stopped smoking during pregnancy, but who then smoked at other times in the child's life, were similar to those mothers who never smoked. These results were independent of a range of potential confounding factors. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest a prospective association of maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring obesity as well as PR in adulthood, and reinforce the need to persuade pregnant women not to smoke.

SUBMITTER: Mamun AA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3400588 | biostudies-other | 2012

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring body composition in adulthood: Results from two birth cohort studies.

Project description:ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body composition in adulthood and explore the causality of this association.DesignBirth cohort.SettingPopulation-based study in Pelotas, Brazil.ParticipantsAll newborn infants in the city's hospitals were enrolled in 1982 and 1993. At a mean age of 30.2 and 22.6 years, the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively, followed the subjects and 7222 subjects were evaluated.Primary outcome measuresBody mass index (BMI), fat mass index, android to gynoid fat ratio, waist circumference, waist to height ratio, lean mass index and height.ResultsPrevalence of maternal smoking during pregnancy was 35.1% and 32.6%, in 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively. Offspring of smoking mothers showed higher mean BMI (β: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.55 to 1.12 kg/m2), fat mass index (β: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.64 kg/m2), android to gynoid fat ratio (β: 0.016; 95% CI: 0.010 to 0.023), waist circumference (β: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.33 cm), waist to height ratio (β: 0.013; 95% CI: 0.010 to 0.017) and lean mass index (β: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.42 kg/m2), whereas height was lower (β: -0.95; -1.26 to -0.65). Weight gain in the first 2 years captured most of the association of maternal smoking with BMI (96.2%), waist circumference (86.1%) and fat mass index (71.7%).ConclusionsMaternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with offspring body composition measures in adulthood.

| S-EPMC6575638 | biostudies-literature

Maternal exercise intervention in obese pregnancy improves the cardiovascular health of the adult male offspring.

Project description:ObjectiveObesity during pregnancy is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease in the offspring. With increased numbers of women entering pregnancy overweight or obese, there is a requirement for targeted interventions to reduce disease risk in future generations. Using an established murine model of maternal obesity during pregnancy, we investigated if a treadmill exercise intervention in the mother could improve offspring cardiac health and explored potential underlying mechanisms.MethodsA 20-minute treadmill exercise intervention protocol was performed 5 days a week in diet-induced obese female C57BL/6 mice 1 week prior to, and up to E17 of pregnancy. All male offspring were weaned onto a control diet and studied at 8 weeks of age when their cardiovascular physiology was assessed by in vivo echocardiography and non-invasive tail cuff plethysmography. Cardiomyocyte cell area, re-expression of fetal genes and the expression of calcium handling and sympathetic activation proteins were determined.ResultsAt 8 weeks, there was no difference in bodyweight or fat mass between groups. Offspring of obese dams developed pathologic cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension and cardiac dysfunction characterized by reduced ejection fraction (p < 0.001). Maternal exercise prevented cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction but failed to prevent hypertension. These offspring of exercised dams also had enhanced (p < 0.001) levels of calcium handling proteins and a sympathetic-activated inotropic response.ConclusionsExercise in obese pregnancy was beneficial to offspring cardiac function and structure but did not influence hypertension suggesting they are programmed by separate mechanistic pathways. These data suggest combination interventions in obese pregnancies will be required to improve all aspects of the cardiovascular health of the next generation.

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Maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy predicts adiposity of the offspring.

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| S-EPMC4207207 | biostudies-literature

The effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring outcomes.

Project description:ObjectiveTo evaluate the possible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring outcomes of birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems while controlling for similar behaviors in parents.MethodsUsing telephone interviews, data were collected, in 2001 and 2004, as a part of two United States offspring-of-twins projects. Fathers, who were twins participating in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, their female spouse and their offspring were interviewed - information on 1,342 unique pregnancies in mothers with a history of regular smoking was utilized for these analyses. The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder while controlling for similar behaviors in parents, was examined using regression.ResultsMaternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with decreased birth weight, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was explained by maternal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was also associated with earlier age of offspring initiation of smoking and onset of regular smoking.ConclusionsMaternal smoking during pregnancy may influence certain offspring outcomes via mechanisms that are independent from genetic risk attributable to comorbid conditions. Assisting expecting mothers with their smoking cessation efforts will likely provide widespread health benefits to both mother and offspring.

| S-EPMC2813884 | biostudies-literature

The Interplay between Maternal Smoking and Genes in Offspring Birth Weight.

Project description:It is well-established that both the child's genetic endowments as well as maternal smoking during pregnancy impact offspring birth weight. In this paper we move beyond the nature versus nurture debate by investigating the interaction between genetic endowments and this critical prenatal environmental exposure - maternal smoking - in determining birth weight. We draw on longitudinal data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) study and replicate our results using data from the UK Biobank. Genetic endowments of the children are proxied with a polygenic score that is constructed based on the results of the most recent genome-wide association study of birth weight. We instrument the maternal decision to smoke during pregnancy with a genetic variant (rs1051730) located in the nicotine receptor gene CHRNA3. This genetic variant is associated with the number of cigarettes consumed daily, and we present evidence that this is plausibly the only channel through which the maternal genetic variant affects the child's birth weight. Additionally, we deal with the misreporting of maternal smoking by using measures of cotinine, a biomarker of nicotine, collected from the mother's urine during their pregnancy. We confirm earlier findings that genetic endowments as well as maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly affects the child's birth weight. However, we do not find evidence of meaningful interactions between genetic endowments and an adverse fetal environment, suggesting that the child's genetic predisposition cannot cushion the damaging effects of maternal smoking.

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The association of maternal smoking around birth with chronic respiratory diseases in adult offspring: A Mendelian randomization study

Project description: Not available

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Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking initiation: assessing the role of intrauterine exposure.

Project description:To assess whether associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking initiation are due to intrauterine mechanisms.Comparison of associations of maternal and partner smoking behaviour during pregnancy with offspring smoking initiation using partner smoking as a negative control (n?=?6484) and a Mendelian randomization analysis (n?=?1020), using a genetic variant in the mothers as a proxy for smoking cessation during pregnancy.A longitudinal birth cohort in South West England.Participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).Smoking status during pregnancy was self-reported by mother and partner in questionnaires administered at pregnancy. Latent classes of offspring smoking initiation (non-smokers, experimenters, late-onset regular smokers and early-onset regular smokers) were previously developed from questionnaires administered at 14-16 years. A genetic variant, rs1051730, was genotyped in the mothers.Both mother and partner smoking were similarly positively associated with offspring smoking initiation classes, even after adjustment for confounders. Odds ratios (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for class membership compared with non-smokers were: experimenters: mother OR?=?1.33 (95% CI?=?1.06, 1.67), partner OR?=?1.28 (95% CI?=?1.06, 1.55), late-onset regular smokers: mother OR?=?1.80 (95% CI?=?1.43, 2.26), partner OR?=?1.86 (95% CI?=?1.52, 2.28) and early-onset regular smokers: mother OR?=?2.89 (95% CI?=?2.12, 3.94), partner OR?=?2.50 (95% CI?=?1.85, 3.37). There was no clear evidence for a dose-response effect of either mother or partner smoking heaviness on class membership. Maternal rs1051730 genotype was not clearly associated with offspring smoking initiation class in pre-pregnancy smokers (P?=?0.35).The association between smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking initiation does not appear to operate through intrauterine mechanisms.

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Is maternal smoking during pregnancy associated with bipolar disorder in offspring?

Project description:BACKGROUND:Prenatal smoking exposure affects fetal growth and development and is associated with increased risk of various neurodevelopmental disorders. Only one previous study has examined the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of bipolar disorder (BPD). METHODS:In this nested case control study derived from all singleton live births in Finland between January 1st 1987 and December 31st 1998, we identified 724 children diagnosed and/or treated with BPD until 2008 and 1419 matched controls from four nationwide registers. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and BPD adjusting for potential confounding due to parental psychiatric history, maternal age and education level. RESULTS:18.5% of offspring were exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. In the unadjusted analysis, smoking during pregnancy was associated with a 1.41-fold (95% CI 1.12-1.79, P=0.004) increased risk of BPD. In the final model adjusting for potential covariates, the risk was 1.14-fold (95% CI 0.88-1.49, P=0.323). LIMITATIONS:The limitations of this study include: hospital based clinical diagnosis for case ascertainment, inclusion of early onset BPD cases, and lack of information on alcohol or other substance abuse during pregnancy. CONCLUSION:This study demonstrated that, in this sample, an increased risk of BPD among offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy is most likely due to confounding by familial background factors. Future studies including information on serological measures of smoking exposure in pregnancy e.g. cotinine are warranted to further clarify this association.

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Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and offspring DNA methylation in midlife.

Project description:Maternal smoking in pregnancy (MSP) has been associated with DNA methylation in specific CpG sites (CpGs) in infants and children. We investigated whether MSP, independent of own personal active smoking, was associated with midlife DNA methylation in CpGs that were previously identified in studies of MSP-DNA methylation in children. We used data on MSP collected from pregnant mothers of 89 adult women born in 1959-1964 and measured DNA methylation in blood (granulocytes) collected in 2001-2007 (mean age: 43 years). Seventeen CpGs were differentially methylated by MSP, with multiple CpGs mapping to CYP1A1, MYO1G, AHRR, and GFI1. These associations were consistent in direction with prior studies (e.g., MSP associated with more and less methylation in AHRR and CYP1A1, respectively) and, with the exception of AHRR CpGs, were not substantially altered by adjustment for active smoking. These preliminary results confirm prior prospective reports that MSP influences the offspring DNA methylation, and extends the timeframe to midlife, and suggest that these effects may persist into adulthood, independently of active smoking.

| S-EPMC5873358 | biostudies-literature

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Risk of Appendicitis in the Offspring.

Project description:BackgroundExisting evidence on the link between smoking and appendicitis is scarce and ambiguous. We therefore conducted a population-based cohort study in Denmark to investigate whether smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of appendicitis in offspring.MethodsWe used the Danish Birth Registry to include all singletons born during 1991-2017 and to identify maternal smoking status during pregnancy. We followed the children from birth until date of appendicitis, emigration, death, or administrative end of study (31 December 2018), whichever came first. We calculated crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of appendicitis with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy to children of nonsmokers. Further, we conducted a bias analysis and sibling analysis.ResultsWe included 1,659,526 singletons of whom 19% were born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. After maximum 28 years of follow-up, hazard rates for children of smokers were slightly higher than for children of nonsmokers [adjusted HR: 1.07 (95% CI = 1.04, 1.10)]. Stratification by sex revealed no association for males [adjusted HR: 1.02 (95% CI = 0.99, 1.06)], but a higher HR for females [adjusted HR: 1.13 (95% CI = 1.09, 1.18)]. This association increased with increasing length of follow-up, indicating that the association may be mediated by later-life exposures. The bias analysis indicated that misclassification of maternal smoking could attenuate a true association, while the sibling analysis showed no association.ConclusionsMaternal smoking during pregnancy and appendicitis in the offspring may be associated.

| S-EPMC9891296 | biostudies-literature

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