Glyphosate effects on plant mineral nutrition, crop rhizosphere microbiota, and plant disease in glyphosate-resistant crops.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Duke SO
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3479986 | biostudies-other | 2012 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Fungi represent a diverse group of organisms that play an essential role in maintaining soil health and ecosystem functioning. Plant root exudates form nutrient-rich niches that harbor specific fungal communities, or so-called rhizosphere mycobiomes. The long-term application of fertilizers supplies the soil with nutrients that may override the plant-related effects on rhizosphere fungal communities. Here, we assessed the effect of contrasting fertilization regimes on the composition, diversity, and abundance of bulk soil and rhizosphere mycobiomes of potato, white mustard, and maize under NPK (mineral fertilizers) or fresh cattle manure (organic fertilizers). Mineral and organic fertilizers led to distinct fungal communities in the rhizospheres of all studied crops, and the plant-related effects on the mycobiome were overridden by the effect of fertilization. The abundances of Ascomycota and Olpidiomycota were higher under manure, while the abundances of Basidiomycota and Monoblepharomycota increased under NPK. Manure input strongly increased fungal abundance but decreased fungal diversity and the total number of species. NPK had a slight effect on fungal diversity, but significantly increased the relative abundances of fungal phytopathogens, such as Alternaria and Fusarium. Our study shows that that potential plant species effects on the abundance and diversity of the rhizosphere mycobiomes are governed by long-term fertilization. Fertilization management could therefore be used to manipulate rhizosphere fungal communities and soilborne pathogen suppressiveness.
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Project description:Transcriptomic analysis of microbial communities isolated from the rhizospheres of wheat, oat and pea, compared to unplanted soil.
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Project description:Transcriptomic analysis of microbial communities isolated from the rhizospheres of wheat, oat and pea, compared to unplanted soil
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Project description:Evaluation of crop N status will assist optimal N management of intensive vegetable production. Simple procedures for monitoring crop N status such as petiole sap [NO 3(-)-N], leaf N content and soil solution [NO 3(-)] were evaluated with indeterminate tomato and muskmelon. Their sensitivity to assess crop N status throughout each crop was evaluated using linear regression analysis against nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and crop N content. NNI is the ratio between the actual and the critical crop N contents (critical N content is the minimum N content necessary to achieve maximum growth), and is an established indicator of crop N status. Nutrient solutions with four different N concentrations (treatments N1-N4) were applied throughout each crop. Average applied N concentrations were 1, 5, 13 and 22 mmol L(-1) in tomato, and 2, 7, 13 and 21 mmol L(-1) in muskmelon. Respective rates of N were 23, 147, 421 and 672 kg N ha(-1) in tomato, and 28, 124, 245 and 380 kg N ha(-1) in muskmelon. For each N treatment in each crop, petiole sap [NO 3(-)-N] was relatively constant throughout the crop. During both crops, there were very significant (P < 0.001) linear relationships between both petiole sap [NO 3(-)-N] and leaf N content with NNI and with crop N content. In indeterminate tomato, petiole sap [NO 3(-)-N] was very strongly linearly related to NNI (R(2) = 0.88-0.95, P < 0.001) with very similar slope and intercept values on all dates. Very similar relationships were obtained from published data of processing tomato. A single linear regression (R(2) = 0.77, P < 0.001) described the relationship between sap [NO 3(-)-N] and NNI for both indeterminate and processing tomato, each grown under very different conditions. A single sap [NO 3(-)-N] sufficiency value of 1050 mg N L(-1) was subsequently derived for optimal crop N nutrition (at NNI = 1) of tomato grown under different conditions. In muskmelon, petiole sap [NO 3(-)-N] was strongly linearly related to NNI (R(2) = 0.75 - 0.88, P < 0.001) with very similar slope and intercept values for much of the crop (44-72 DAT, days after transplanting). A single linear relationship between sap [NO 3(-)-N] and NNI (R(2) = 0.77, P < 0.001) was derived for this period, but sap sufficiency values could not be derived for muskmelon as NNI values were >1. Relationships between petiole sap [NO 3(-)-N] with crop N content, and leaf N content with both NNI and crop N content had variable slopes and intercept values during the indeterminate tomato and the muskmelon crops. Soil solution [NO 3(-)] in the root zone was not a sensitive indicator of crop N status. Of the three systems examined for monitoring crop/soil N status, petiole sap [NO 3(-)-N] is suggested to be the most useful because of its sensitivity to crop N status and because it can be rapidly analysed on the farm.
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Project description:Herbicides are the most effective tools for controlling almost 99% of weeds. However, herbicide resistance is a primary concern in modern agriculture. The characterization in new areas and elucidation of the mechanisms of resistance are of vital importance in maintaining the sustainability of herbicides, including glyphosate. Nine populations of Lolium rigidum, showing different response patterns, were characterized as being glyphosate resistant (GR). The wide range of values in fresh weight reduction, survival, shikimic acid and EPSPS enzyme activity indicates a different or a combination resistance mechanism. The Line-3 population resulted in minimum reduction of fresh weight and survival values with respect to the glyphosate-susceptible (GS) population, showing 16.05- and 17.90-fold higher values, respectively. There were significant differences in the 14C-glyphosate translocation between GR and GS populations. Moreover, there were differences among the nine GR populations, but they exhibited a reduction in the remaining glyphosate translocation in the treated leaf. The EPSPS gene sequence revealed a Pro-106-Ser substitution in four populations, which could be characterized as being GR with non-target-site and target-site resistance mechanisms. This complexity of several resistance mechanisms makes it necessary to develop long-term integrated weed management strategies to limit further resistance dispersal.
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Project description:The world's population continues to increase and thus requires more food production to take place in nonarable land, such as saline soil; therefore, it is urgent to find solutions to enhance the salinity tolerance of crops. As the second genome of plants, the rhizosphere microbiome plays critical roles in plant fitness under stress conditions. Many beneficial microbes that help plants cope with salinity stress have been identified, highlighting their roles in mitigating salt stress-induced negative effects on plants. However, a comprehensive review of the microbial species that are able to confer plant salt tolerance and the underlying mechanisms is still lacking. In this review, we compared the representative fungal and bacterial taxa that demonstrate the ability to enhance plant growth in saline soil. We also reviewed the mechanisms by which rhizosphere microbes enhance plant salt stress tolerance, i.e., by re-establishing ion and osmotic homeostasis, preventing damage to plant cells, and resuming plant growth under salt stress. Finally, future research efforts to explore the rhizosphere microbiome for agricultural sustainability are proposed.
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Project description:Plant-parasitic nematodes cause considerable damage to crop plants. The rhizosphere microbiome can affect invasion and reproductive success of plant-parasitic nematodes, thus affecting plant damage. In this study, we investigated how the transplanted rhizosphere microbiome from different crops affect plant-parasitic nematodes on soybean or tomato, and whether the plant's own microbiome from the rhizosphere protects it better than the microbiome from fallow soil. Soybean plants growing in sterilized substrate were inoculated with the microbiome extracted from the rhizosphere of soybean, maize, or tomato. Controls were inoculated with extracts from bulk soil, or not inoculated. After the microbiome was established, the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans was added. Root invasion of P. penetrans was significantly reduced on soybean plants inoculated with the microbiome from maize or soybean compared to tomato or bulk soil, or the uninoculated control. In the analogous experiment with tomato plants inoculated with either P. penetrans or the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, the rhizosphere microbiomes of maize and tomato reduced root invasion by P. penetrans and M. incognita compared to microbiomes from soybean or bulk soil. Reproduction of M. incognita on tomato followed the same trend, and it was best suppressed by the tomato rhizosphere microbiome. In split-root experiments with soybean and tomato plants, a systemic effect of the inoculated rhizosphere microbiomes on root invasion of P. penetrans was shown. Furthermore, some transplanted microbiomes slightly enhanced plant growth compared to uninoculated plants. The microbiomes from maize rhizosphere and bulk soil increased the fresh weights of roots and shoots of soybean plants, and microbiomes from soybean rhizosphere and bulk soil increased the fresh weights of roots and shoots of tomato plants. Nematode invasion did not affect plant growth in these short-term experiments. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of the rhizosphere microbiome in protecting crops against plant-parasitic nematodes. An effect of pre-crops on the rhizosphere microbiome might be harnessed to enhance the resistance of crops towards plant-parasitic nematodes. However, nematode-suppressive effects of a particular microbiome may not necessarily coincide with improvement of plant growth in the absence of plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Project description:Beneficial microorganisms have been extensively used to make plants more resistant to abiotic and biotic stress. We previously identified a consortium of three plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains (Bacillus cereus AR156, Bacillus subtilis SM21, and Serratia sp. XY21; hereafter "BBS") as a promising and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent. In this study, the effect of BBS on a soil-borne disease of sweet pepper was evaluated. Application of BBS significantly reduced the prevalence of phytophthora blight and improved fruit quality and soil properties relative to the control. BBS was able to alter the soil bacterial community: it significantly increased the abundances of Burkholderia, Comamonas, and Ramlibacter, which were negatively associated with disease severity, relative to the control. A redundancy analysis suggested that BBS-treated soil samples were dominated by Burkholderia, Comamonas, Ramlibacter, Sporichthya, Achromobacter, and Pontibacter; abundance of these genera was related to total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (AN), total potassium (TP), and available phosphorus (AP) contents. This suggests that BBS treatment shifted the microbe community to one that suppressed soil-borne disease and improved the soil chemical properties.
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Project description:BackgroundThe native crop bacterial microbiota of the rhizosphere is envisioned to be engineered for sustainable agriculture. This requires the identification of keystone rhizosphere Bacteria and an understanding on how these govern crop-specific microbiome assembly from soils. We identified the metabolically active bacterial microbiota (SSU RNA) inhabiting two compartments of the rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereale), and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) at different growth stages.ResultsBased on metabarcoding analysis the bacterial microbiota was shaped by the two rhizosphere compartments, i.e. close and distant. Thereby implying a different spatial extent of bacterial microbiota acquirement by the cereals species versus oilseed rape. We derived core microbiota of each crop species. Massilia (barley and wheat) and unclassified Chloroflexi of group 'KD4-96' (oilseed rape) were identified as keystone Bacteria by combining LEfSe biomarker and network analyses. Subsequently, differential associations between networks of each crop species' core microbiota revealed host plant-specific interconnections for specific genera, such as the unclassified Tepidisphaeraceae 'WD2101 soil group'.ConclusionsOur results provide keystone rhizosphere Bacteria derived from for crop hosts and revealed that cohort subnetworks and differential associations elucidated host species effect that was not evident from differential abundance of single bacterial genera enriched or unique to a specific plant host. Thus, we underline the importance of co-occurrence patterns within the rhizosphere microbiota that emerge in crop-specific microbiomes, which will be essential to modify native crop microbiomes for future agriculture and to develop effective bio-fertilizers.
| S-EPMC8513244 | biostudies-literature
Project description:One of the main limiting factors of plant yield is drought, and while the physiological responses to this environmental stress have been broadly described, research addressing its impact on mineral nutrition is scarce. Brassica napus and Triticum aestivum were subjected to moderate or severe water deficit, and their responses to drought were assessed by functional ionomic analysis, and derived calculation of the net uptake of 20 nutrients. While the uptake of most mineral nutrients decreased, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Mo uptake were impacted earlier and at a larger scale than most physiological parameters assessed (growth, ABA concentration, gas exchanges and photosynthetic activity). Additionally, in B. napus, the patterns of 183 differentially expressed genes in leaves related to the ionome (known ionomic genes, KIGs) or assumed to be involved in transport of a given nutrient were analyzed. This revealed three patterns of gene expression under drought consisting of up (transport of Cl and Co), down (transport of N, P, B, Mo, and Ni), or mixed levels (transport of S, Mg, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, or Mn) of regulation. The three patterns of gene regulations are discussed in relation to specific gene functions, changes of leaf ionomic composition and with consideration of the crosstalks that have been established between elements. It is suggested that the observed reduction in Fe uptake occurred via a specific response to drought, leading indirectly to reduced uptake of Zn and Mn, and these may be taken up by common transporters encoded by genes that were downregulated.
| S-EPMC9356223 | biostudies-literature