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Comparison of total energy expenditure between school and summer months.

ABSTRACT: Childhood obesity has increased 3 to 4 fold. Some children gain excess weight in summer.Total energy expenditure increases almost linearly with fat-free mass. A lower total energy expenditure was not detected in summer.Recent data report that the youth experience greater weight gain during summer than during school months. We tested the hypothesis that a difference in total energy expenditure (TEE) between school and summer months exists and may contribute to summer weight gain.A secondary analysis was performed on cross-sectional TEE data from school-age, sedentary African-American and Caucasian youth based in or near the District of Columbia who were at-risk for adult obesity because they had body mass index (BMI)???85th percentile or had overweight parents. TEE was estimated from 18-O and deuterium measurements during 1-week intervals using urine samples collected after ingestion of doubly labelled water. Differences in summer- and school-time TEE were assessed using analysis of covariance. The data were adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) as determined by deuterium dilution to adjust for the effect of body size on TEE.Data were collected from 162 youth (average age 10?±?2 years, BMI 28?±?8?kg?m(-2) and BMI?z-score 1.96?+?0.96). Of these, 96 youth had TEE measured during the school year (September-June); 66 different youths had TEE measured during summer months (June-August). After adjustment for FFM, average summertime TEE was 2450?±?270 kcal?d(-1) and average school-time TEE was 2510?±?350 kcal?d(-1) (P?=?0.26).No difference in TEE was detected between the school year and the summer months. These data suggest that seasonal differences in youth weight gain are not necessarily due to differences in energy expenditures.

SUBMITTER: Zinkel SR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3740056 | biostudies-other | 2013 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Comparison of total energy expenditure between school and summer months.

Zinkel S R J SR Moe M M Stern E A EA Hubbard V S VS Yanovski S Z SZ Yanovski J A JA Schoeller D A DA

Pediatric obesity 20130502 5

<h4>What is already known about this subject</h4>Childhood obesity has increased 3 to 4 fold. Some children gain excess weight in summer.<h4>What this study adds</h4>Total energy expenditure increases almost linearly with fat-free mass. A lower total energy expenditure was not detected in summer.<h4>Objective</h4>Recent data report that the youth experience greater weight gain during summer than during school months. We tested the hypothesis that a difference in total energy expenditure (TEE) be ...[more]

PMID: 23637099

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Total energy expenditure (TEE) data in patients with early-stage cancer are scarce, precluding an understanding of energy requirements. OBJECTIVE:The objective was to cross-sectionally characterize TEE in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and to compare measured TEE with energy recommendations. It was hypothesized that TEE would differ according to body mass, body composition, and physical activity level (PAL) and current energy recommendations would have poor individual-level accuracy. METHODS:Patients with newly diagnosed CRC had resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by indirect calorimetry and TEE by doubly labeled water. Hypermetabolism was defined as REE > 110% of that predicted from the Mifflin St.-Jeor equation. Body composition was assessed via DXA. Physical activity was determined as the ratio of TEE to REE (TEE:REE) (PAL) and residual activity energy expenditure (RAEE). TEE was compared with energy recommendations of 25-30 kcal/d and Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using Bland-Altman analyses. Patients were stratified according to median BMI, PAL, and sex-specific ratio of fat mass (FM) to fat-free mass (FFM). RESULTS:Twenty-one patients (M:F 14:7; mean ± SD BMI: 28.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2, age: 57 ± 12 y) were included. Most (n = 20) had stage II-III disease; 1 had stage IV. Approximately half (n = 11) were hypermetabolic; TEE was not different in those with hypermetabolism and REE as a percentage of predicted was not correlated with TEE. Mean ± SD TEE was 2473 ± 499 kcal/d (range: 1562-3622 kcal/d), or 29.7 ± 6.3 kcal/kg body weight (range: 20.4-48.5 kcal/kg body weight). Mean ± SD PAL was 1.43 ± 0.27. The energy recommendation of 25 kcal/kg underestimated TEE (-12.6% ± 16.5%, P = 0.002); all energy recommendations had wide limits of agreement (the smallest was DRI with measured PAL: -21.2% to 29.3%). Patients with higher BMI and FM:FFM had higher bias using kilocalories per kilogram recommendations; bias from several recommendations was frequently lower (i.e. underestimation) in patients with higher PAL and RAEE. CONCLUSIONS:TEE variability was not reflected in energy recommendations and error was related to body weight, body composition, and physical activity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03131921.

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Comparison of total energy expenditure between school and summer months.

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Comparison of total energy expenditure between school and summer months.

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