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Behavior of nonplastic silty soils under cyclic loading.

ABSTRACT: The engineering behavior of nonplastic silts is more difficult to characterize than is the behavior of clay or sand. Especially, behavior of silty soils is important in view of the seismicity of several regions of alluvial deposits in the world, such as the United States, China, and Turkey. In several hazards substantial ground deformation, reduced bearing capacity, and liquefaction of silty soils have been attributed to excess pore pressure generation during dynamic loading. In this paper, an experimental study of the pore water pressure generation of silty soils was conducted by cyclic triaxial tests on samples of reconstituted soils by the slurry deposition method. In all tests silty samples which have different clay percentages were studied under different cyclic stress ratios. The results have showed that in soils having clay content equal to and less than 10%, the excess pore pressure ratio buildup was quicker with an increase in different cyclic stress ratios. When fine and clay content increases, excess pore water pressure decreases constant cyclic stress ratio in nonplastic silty soils. In addition, the applicability of the used criteria for the assessment of liquefaction susceptibility of fine grained soils is examined using laboratory test results.

SUBMITTER: Ural N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3929542 | biostudies-other | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:Simple Summary Pigs reared in tropical climate areas are frequently exposed to high ambient temperatures. The increase in ambient temperature above thermoneutrality evokes behavioral changes that alter the feeding pattern of pigs, triggering a reduction in performance. In addition, the light program may also modulate the feeding behavior of pigs. Thus, data collected using electronic feeders were used to generate information on pig feeding behavior to identify anomalies that occurred due to variations in ambient temperature (cyclic heat stress) and after turning the lights on and off (light events). Our results indicated that cyclic heat stress disrupts the feeding circadian rhythm in finishing pigs. Pigs prioritized the feed intake in the coolest hours of the day. However, nocturnal cooling did not allow the pigs to fully compensate for the feed intake depression caused by heat stress. Furthermore, the lighting program affected the feeding pattern, increasing or decreasing the meal size when the lights were switched on or off, respectively. Understanding pig feeding behavior during cyclic heat stress and light events could improve feeding strategies, productivity, and animal well-being. Abstract The impact of cyclic heat stress (CHS) and turning the lights on and off on pig feeding behavior (FB) was investigated. The FB of 90 gilts was recorded in real-time under two ambient temperatures (AT): thermoneutrality (TN, 22 °C) or CHS (22/35 °C). The day was divided into four periods: PI (06–08 h); PII (08–18 h); PIII (18–20 h); and PIV (20–06 h). Automatic and Intelligent Precision Feeders recorded each feed event for each pig. An estimated meal criterion (49 min) was used to calculate the FB variables. Feed behavior in both ATs followed a circadian pattern. The CHS reduced the feed intake by 6.9%. The pigs prioritized feed intake during the coolest hours of the day; however, nocturnal cooling did not allow the pigs to compensate for the reduced meal size due to CHS. The highest meal size and most of the meals were observed during the lighting-on period. The pigs reduced their interval between meals during PII and PIII. The lighting program increased the meal size when the lights were switched on and reduced the meal size when the lights were switched off. Thus, the dynamics of the FB were largely influenced by AT, whereas the meal size was affected by the lighting program.

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Behavior of nonplastic silty soils under cyclic loading.

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