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Dihydroquinazolinone inhibitors of proliferation of blood and liver stage malaria parasites.

ABSTRACT: Drugs that target both the liver and blood stages of malaria will be needed to reduce the disease's substantial worldwide morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of a 259-member library of compounds that block proliferation of the blood stage of malaria revealed several scaffolds--dihydroquinazolinones, phenyldiazenylpyridines, piperazinyl methyl quinolones, and bis-benzimidazoles--with promising activity against the liver stage. Focused structure-activity studies on the dihydroquinazolinone scaffold revealed several molecules with excellent potency against both blood and liver stages. One promising early lead with dual activity is 2-(p-bromophenyl)-3-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of 0.46 ?M and 0.34 ?M against liver stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA and blood stage Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 parasites, respectively. Structure-activity relationships revealed that liver stage activity for this compound class requires a 3-dialkyl amino ethyl group and is abolished by substitution at the ortho-position of the phenyl moiety. These compounds have minimal toxicity to mammalian cells and are thus attractive compounds for further development.

SUBMITTER: Derbyshire ER

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3957893 | biostudies-other | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Dihydroquinazolinone inhibitors of proliferation of blood and liver stage malaria parasites.

Derbyshire Emily R ER Min Jaeki J Guiguemde W Armand WA Clark Julie A JA Connelly Michele C MC Magalhães Andreia D AD Guy R Kiplin RK Clardy Jon J

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 20131223 3

Drugs that target both the liver and blood stages of malaria will be needed to reduce the disease's substantial worldwide morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of a 259-member library of compounds that block proliferation of the blood stage of malaria revealed several scaffolds--dihydroquinazolinones, phenyldiazenylpyridines, piperazinyl methyl quinolones, and bis-benzimidazoles--with promising activity against the liver stage. Focused structure-activity studies on the dihydroquinazolinone scaffol ...[more]

PMID: 24366746

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Project description:BackgroundSpiroindolone and pyrazoleamide antimalarial compounds target Plasmodium falciparum P-type ATPase (PfATP4) and induce disruption of intracellular Na+ homeostasis. Recently, a PfATP4 mutation was discovered that confers resistance to a pyrazoleamide while increasing sensitivity to a spiroindolone. Transcriptomic and metabolic adaptations that underlie this seemingly contradictory response of P. falciparum to sublethal concentrations of each compound were examined to understand the different cellular accommodation to PfATP4 disruptions.MethodsA genetically engineered P. falciparum Dd2 strain (Dd2A211V) carrying an Ala211Val (A211V) mutation in PfATP4 was used to identify metabolic adaptations associated with the mutation that results in decreased sensitivity to PA21A092 (a pyrazoleamide) and increased sensitivity to KAE609 (a spiroindolone). First, sublethal doses of PA21A092 and KAE609 causing substantial reduction (30-70%) in Dd2A211V parasite replication were identified. Then, at this sublethal dose of PA21A092 (or KAE609), metabolomic and transcriptomic data were collected during the first intraerythrocytic developmental cycle. Finally, the time-resolved data were integrated with a whole-genome metabolic network model of P. falciparum to characterize antimalarial-induced physiological adaptations.ResultsSublethal treatment with PA21A092 caused significant (p < 0.001) alterations in the abundances of 91 Plasmodium gene transcripts, whereas only 21 transcripts were significantly altered due to sublethal treatment with KAE609. In the metabolomic data, a substantial alteration (≥ fourfold) in the abundances of carbohydrate metabolites in the presence of either compound was found. The estimated rates of macromolecule syntheses between the two antimalarial-treated conditions were also comparable, except for the rate of lipid synthesis. A closer examination of parasite metabolism in the presence of either compound indicated statistically significant differences in enzymatic activities associated with synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that malaria parasites activate protein kinases via phospholipid-dependent signalling in response to the ionic perturbation induced by the Na+ homeostasis disruptor PA21A092. Therefore, targeted disruption of phospholipid signalling in PA21A092-resistant parasites could be a means to block the emergence of resistance to PA21A092.

Project description:Spiroindolone and pyrazoleamide antimalarial compounds target Plasmodium falciparum P-type ATPase (PfATP4) and induce disruption of intra-cellular Na+ homeostasis. Recently, a PfATP4 mutation was discovered that confers resistance to a pyrazoleamide while increasing sensitivity to a spiroindolone. To understand the different cellular accommodation to PfATP4 disruptions, we examined biochemical and metabolic adaptations that underlie this seemingly contradictory response of P. falciparum to sublethal concentrations of each compound. We used a genetically engineered P. falciparum Dd2 strain (Dd2A211V) carrying an Ala211Val (A211V) mutation in PfATP4 to identify metabolic adaptations associated with the mutation that results in decreased sensitivity to PA21A092 (a pyrazoleamide) and increased sensitivity of KAE609 (a spiroindolone). We first identified sublethal doses of PA21A092 and KAE609 causing substantial reduction (30-70%) in Dd2A211V parasite replication. At this sublethal dose of PA21A092 (or KAE609), we collected metabolomic and transcriptomic data during the first intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC). Finally, we integrated the time-resolved data with a whole-genome metabolic network model of P. falciparum to characterize antimalarial-induced physiological adaptations. We found that sublethal treatment with PA21A092 caused significant (p < 0.001) alterations in the abundances of 91 Plasmodium gene transcripts whereas only 21 transcripts were significantly altered due to sublethal treatment with KAE609. In the metabolomic data, we found a substantial alteration (fourfold) in the abundances of carbohydrate metabolites in the presence of either compounds. The estimated rates of macromolecule syntheses between the two antimalarial-treated conditions were also comparable, except for the rate of lipid synthesis. A closer examination of parasite metabolism in the presence of either compound indicated statistically significant differences in enzymatic activities associated with synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol. Our results suggest that malaria parasites activate protein kinases via phospholipid-dependent signaling in response to the ionic perturbation induced by the Na+ homeostasis disruptor PA21A092. Therefore, we hypothesize that targeted disruption of phospholipid signaling in PA21A092-resistant parasites could be a means to block the emergence of resistance to PA21A092.

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Dihydroquinazolinone inhibitors of proliferation of blood and liver stage malaria parasites.

Publications

Dihydroquinazolinone inhibitors of proliferation of blood and liver stage malaria parasites.

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