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Children's exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke carcinogens and toxicants in homes of hookah smokers.

ABSTRACT: We examined homes of hookah-only smokers and nonsmokers for levels of indoor air nicotine (a marker of secondhand smoke) and indoor surface nicotine (a marker of thirdhand smoke), child uptake of nicotine, the carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and the toxicant acrolein by analyzing their corresponding metabolites cotinine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and NNAL-glucuronides (total NNAL) and 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid.Data were collected at 3 home visits during a 7-day study period from a convenience sample of 24 households with a child 5 years or younger. Three child urine samples and 2 air and surface samples from the living room and the child bedroom were taken in homes of nonsmokers (n = 5) and hookah-only smokers (n = 19) comprised of daily hookah smokers (n = 8) and weekly/monthly hookah smokers (n = 11).Nicotine levels in indoor air and on surfaces in the child bedrooms in homes of daily hookah smokers were significantly higher than in homes of nonsmokers. Uptake of nicotine, NNK, and acrolein in children living in daily hookah smoker homes was significantly higher than in children living in nonsmoker homes. Uptake of nicotine and NNK in children living in weekly/monthly hookah smoker homes was significantly higher than in children living in nonsmoker homes.Our data provide the first evidence for uptake of nicotine, the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen NNK, and the ciliatoxic and cardiotoxic agent acrolein in children living in homes of hookah smokers. Our findings suggest that daily and occasional hookah use in homes present a serious, emerging threat to children's long-term health.

SUBMITTER: Kassem NO

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4072898 | biostudies-other | 2014 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Children's exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke carcinogens and toxicants in homes of hookah smokers.

Kassem Nada O F NO Daffa Reem M RM Liles Sandy S Jackson Sheila R SR Kassem Noura O NO Younis Maram A MA Mehta Setoo S Chen Menglan M Jacob Peyton P Carmella Steve G SG Chatfield Dale A DA Benowitz Neal L NL Matt Georg E GE Hecht Stephen S SS Hovell Melbourne F MF

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 20140303 7

<h4>Introduction</h4>We examined homes of hookah-only smokers and nonsmokers for levels of indoor air nicotine (a marker of secondhand smoke) and indoor surface nicotine (a marker of thirdhand smoke), child uptake of nicotine, the carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and the toxicant acrolein by analyzing their corresponding metabolites cotinine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and NNAL-glucuronides (total NNAL) and 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid ...[more]

PMID: 24590387

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Monitoring disparities in secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is important for tailoring smoke-free policies to the needs of different groups. We examined disparity and trends in SHS exposure among both nonsmokers and smokers at Japanese workplaces between 2002 and 2012. METHODS:A total of 32,940 employees in nationally representative, population-based, repeated cross-sectional surveys in 2002, 2007 and 2012 in Japan was analyzed. Adjusted rate ratios for workplace SHS exposure from other people ("everyday" and "everyday or sometimes") were calculated according to covariates, using log-binomial regression models with survey weights. In this survey, employees who do not smoke at workplace are defined as workplace-nonsmokers; and those smoke at workplace are used as workplace-smokers. SHS exposure for smokers does not involve their own SHS. RESULTS:While everyday SHS exposure prevalence in workplace-nonsmokers decreased markedly (33.2% to 11.4%), that in workplace-smokers decreased only slightly (63.3% to 55.6%). Workplace-smokers were significantly more likely to report everyday SHS exposure than workplace-nonsmokers, and the degree of association increased over time: compared with the nonsmokers (reference), covariates-adjusted rate ratio (95% confidence interval) for the smokers increased from 1.70 (1.62-1.77) in 2002 to 4.16 (3.79-4.56) in 2012. Similar results were observed for everyday or sometimes SHS exposure. Compared with complete workplace smoking bans, partial and no bans were consistently and significantly associated with high SHS exposure among both nonsmokers and smokers. We also observed disparities in SHS exposure by employee characteristics, such as age group and worksite scale. CONCLUSIONS:Although overall SHS exposure decreased among Japanese employees between 2002 and 2012, the SHS exposure disparity between nonsmokers and smokers widened. Because smokers reported more frequent SHS exposure than nonsmokers, subsequent mortality due to SHS exposure may be higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. This information may be useful for advocating workplace smoke-free policies.

Project description:BackgroundProlonged past exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) in never-smokers is associated with abnormal lung function and reduced diffusing capacity suggestive of an associated lung tissue injury and damage. The mechanisms by which past SHS exposure may contribute to lung tissue damage are unknown. Elastin is a major constituent of extracellular matrix in lung parenchyma.ObjectiveTo determine whether past exposure to SHS is associated with ongoing lung tissue damage as indicated by elevated elastin degradation products that are linked to lung function.MethodsWe measured the plasma levels of elastin degradation markers (EDM) from 193 never-smoking flight attendants with a history of remote SHS exposure in aircraft cabins and 103 nonsmoking flight attendants or sea-level control participants without such history of cabin SHS exposure and examined those levels versus their lung function with adjustment for covariates. The cabin SHS exposure was estimated based on airline employment history and years of the smoking ban enactment.ResultsThe median [interquartile range] plasma EDM level for all participants was 0.30 [0.24-0.36] ng/mL with a total range of 0.16-0.65 ng/mL. Plasma EDM levels were elevated in those with a history of exposure to cabin SHS compared to those not exposed (0.33±0.08 versus 0.26±0.06 ng/mL; age- and sex-adjusted P<0.001). In those with a history of cabin SHS exposure, higher EDM levels were associated with a lower diffusing capacity (parameter estimate [PE] 95% [confidence interval(CI)]=4.2 [0.4-8.0] %predicted decrease per 0.1 ng/mL increase in EDM; P=0.030). Furthermore, EDM levels were inversely associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio , and forced expiratory flow rate between 25% and 75% ( FEF25%-75%) (PE [95%CI]=5.8 [2.1-9.4], 4.0 [2.2-5.7], and 12.5 [5.8-19.2] %predicted decrease per 0.1 ng/mL increase in EDM, respectively; P<0.001). Plasma EDM mediated a substantial fraction of the association of SHS with FEV1, FVC, and FEF25%-75% (P<0.05).ConclusionsLong after past exposure to SHS, there is ongoing elastin degradation beyond what is expected from the aging process, which likely contributes to lower lung function and a reduced pulmonary capillary bed as seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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Dataset Information

Children's exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke carcinogens and toxicants in homes of hookah smokers.

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Children's exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke carcinogens and toxicants in homes of hookah smokers.

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