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Chronic kidney disease and osteoporosis: evaluation and management.

ABSTRACT: Fractures across the stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) could be due to osteoporosis, some form of renal osteodystrophy defined by specific quantitative histomorphometry or chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). CKD-MBD is a systemic disease that links disorders of mineral and bone metabolism due to CKD to either one or all of the following: abnormalities of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone or vitamin D metabolism; abnormalities in bone turnover, mineralization, volume, linear growth or strength; or vascular or other soft-tissue calcification. Osteoporosis, as defined by The National Institutes of Health, may coexist with renal osteodystrophy or CKD-MBD. Differentiation among these disorders is required to manage correctly the correct disorder to reduce the risk of fractures. While the World Health Organization (WHO) BMD criteria for osteoporosis can be used in patients with stages 1-3 CKD, the disorders of bone turnover become so aberrant by stages 4 and 5 CKD that neither the WHO criteria nor the occurrence of a fragility fracture can be used for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. The diagnosis of osteoporosis in stages 4 and 5 CKD is one of the exclusion-excluding either renal osteodystrophy or CKD-MBD as the cause of low BMD or fragility fractures. Differentiations among the disorders of renal osteodystrophy, CKD-MBD or osteoporosis are dependent on the measurement of specific biochemical markers, including serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and/or quantitative bone histomorphometry. Management of fractures in stages 1-3 CKD does not differ in persons with or without CKD with osteoporosis assuming there is no evidence for CKD-MBD, clinically suspected by elevated PTH, hyperphosphatemia or fibroblast growth factor 23 due to CKD. Treatment of fractures in persons with osteoporosis and stages 4 and 5 CKD is not evidence based, with the exception of post hoc analysis suggesting efficacy and safety of specific osteoporosis therapies (alendronate, risedronate and denosumab) in stage 4 CKD. This review also discusses how to diagnose and manage fragility fractures across the five stages of CKD.

SUBMITTER: Miller PD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4078413 | biostudies-other | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:BackgroundAnemia commonly develops in patients with chronic kidney disease and is strongly associated with adverse clinical outcomes. There are currently no published studies evaluating the efficacy of a nurse-driven anemia-management protocol for patients with chronic kidney disease who are not receiving dialysis.ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of an anemia-management protocol in terms of achieving hemoglobin and transferrin saturation levels within the target range, as well as associated utilization of medications, relative to individualized dosing of medications by nephrologists.MethodsAn algorithm for nurse-driven management of anemia was introduced in April 2009 at a kidney function clinic in a large urban centre. The charts of patients with chronic kidney disease who were not undergoing dialysis were reviewed before (July to December 2007) and after (July to December 2009) implementation of the protocol. Patients' data for hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, and doses of iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents were collected for each of the 6-month study periods.ResultsIn total, 390 patients were treated for anemia before and 434 patients after introduction of the protocol. The anemia-management protocol was non-inferior to individualized dosing for maintenance of hemoglobin levels within the target range of 110-120 g/L: percentage of measured levels within target range 33.3% (485/1456) before versus 34.2% (504/1472) after (absolute difference 0.9 percentage points, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.5 to 4.4). The criteria for non-inferiority were not met for maintenance of transferrin saturation within the target range of 22%-50%: percentage of levels within target range 58.8% (374/636) before versus 56.9% (403/708) after (absolute difference 1.9 percentage points, 95% CI -3.4 to 7.2). There were no statistically significant differences in mean doses of epoetin alfa, darbepoetin, or iron before and after introduction of the protocol. Similarly, there were no statistically significant differences in number of dose changes for epoetin alfa, darbepoetin, or iron.ConclusionThe nurse-driven anemia-management protocol was non-inferior to dosing by nephrologists in terms of managing hemoglobin levels. It would be reasonable to use an anemia-management protocol for patients with chronic kidney disease who are not receiving dialysis.

Project description:BackgroundAs Ontario's population ages, chronic diseases are becoming increasingly common. There is growing interest in services and care models designed to optimize the management of chronic disease.ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness and expected budget impact of interventions in chronic disease cohorts evaluated as part of the Optimizing Chronic Disease Management mega-analysis.Data sourcesSector-specific costs, disease incidence, and mortality were calculated for each condition using administrative databases from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. Intervention outcomes were based on literature identified in the evidence-based analyses. Quality-of-life and disease prevalence data were obtained from the literature.MethodsAnalyses were restricted to interventions that showed significant benefit for resource use or mortality from the evidence-based analyses. An Ontario cohort of patients with each chronic disease was constructed and followed over 5 years (2006-2011). A phase-based approach was used to estimate costs across all sectors of the health care system. Utility values identified in the literature and effect estimates for resource use and mortality obtained from the evidence-based analyses were applied to calculate incremental costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Given uncertainty about how many patients would benefit from each intervention, a system-wide budget impact was not determined. Instead, the difference in lifetime cost between an individual-administered intervention and no intervention was presented.ResultsOf 70 potential cost-effectiveness analyses, 8 met our inclusion criteria. All were found to result in QALY gains and cost savings compared with usual care. The models were robust to the majority of sensitivity analyses undertaken, but due to structural limitations and time constraints, few sensitivity analyses were conducted. Incremental cost savings per patient who received intervention ranged between $15 per diabetic patient with specialized nursing to $10,665 per patient wth congestive heart failure receiving in-home care.LimitationsEvidence used to inform estimates of effect was often limited to a single trial with limited generalizability across populations, interventions, and health care systems. Because of the low clinical fidelity of health administrative data sets, intermediate clinical outcomes could not be included. Cohort costs included an average of all health care costs and were not restricted to costs associated with the disease. Intervention costs were based on resource use specified in clinical trials.ConclusionsApplying estimates of effect from the evidence-based analyses to real-world resource use resulted in cost savings for all interventions. On the basis of quality-of-life data identified in the literature, all interventions were found to result in a greater QALY gain than usual care would. Implementation of all interventions could offer significant cost reductions. However, this analysis was subject to important limitations.Plain language summaryChronic diseases are the leading cause of death and disability in Ontario. They account for a third of direct health care costs across the province. This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of health care interventions that might improve the management of chronic diseases. The evaluated interventions led to lower costs and better quality of life than usual care. Offering these options could reduce costs per patient. However, the studies used in this analysis were of medium to very low quality, and the methods had many limitations.

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Chronic kidney disease and osteoporosis: evaluation and management.

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