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Infants born preterm demonstrate impaired object exploration behaviors throughout infancy and toddlerhood.

ABSTRACT: Object exploration behaviors form the foundation for future global development, but little is known about how these behaviors are exhibited by infants born preterm.The study objective was to longitudinally compare a comprehensive set of object exploration behaviors in infants born preterm and infants born full-term from infancy into toddlerhood.Twenty-two infants born full-term and 28 infants born preterm were monitored as they interacted with objects throughout their first 2 years.Infants were provided up to 30 seconds to interact with each of 7 objects across 9 visits. Experimenters coded videos of infants' behaviors. Growth modeling and t tests were used to compare how much infants exhibited behaviors and how well they matched their behaviors to the properties of objects.Infants born preterm explored objects less in the first 6 months, exhibited less visual-haptic multimodal exploration, displayed reduced variability of exploratory behavior in a manner that reflected severity of risk, and were less able to match their behaviors to the properties of objects in a manner that reflected severity of risk. Infants born preterm with significant brain injury also had impaired bimanual abilities.There was a limited sample of infants born preterm with significant brain injury.Infants born preterm have impaired abilities to interact with objects even in the first months of life. This impairment likely limits the knowledge they acquire about objects and about how they can act on them; this limited knowledge may, in turn, impair their early learning abilities. These results highlight the need for assessment and intervention tools specific for object exploration in young infants.

SUBMITTER: Lobo MA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4295084 | biostudies-other | 2015 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Infants born preterm demonstrate impaired object exploration behaviors throughout infancy and toddlerhood.

Lobo Michele A MA Kokkoni Elena E Cunha Andrea Baraldi AB Galloway James Cole JC

Physical therapy 20140828 1

<h4>Background</h4>Object exploration behaviors form the foundation for future global development, but little is known about how these behaviors are exhibited by infants born preterm.<h4>Objective</h4>The study objective was to longitudinally compare a comprehensive set of object exploration behaviors in infants born preterm and infants born full-term from infancy into toddlerhood.<h4>Design</h4>Twenty-two infants born full-term and 28 infants born preterm were monitored as they interacted with ...[more]

PMID: 25169919

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Project description:BackgroundExperimental and clinical studies show that prematurity leads to altered left ventricular (LV) structure and function with preserved resting LV ejection fraction (EF). Large-scale epidemiological data now links prematurity to increased early heart failure risk.ObjectivesThe authors performed echocardiographic imaging at prescribed exercise intensities to determine whether preterm-born adults have impaired LV functional response to physical exercise.MethodsWe recruited 101 normotensive young adults born preterm (n = 47; mean gestational age 32.8 ± 3.2 weeks) and term (n = 54) for detailed cardiovascular phenotyping. Full clinical resting and exercise stress echocardiograms were performed, with apical 4-chamber views collected while exercising at 40%, 60%, and 80% of peak exercise capacity, determined by maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing.ResultsPreterm-born individuals had greater LV mass (p = 0.015) with lower peak systolic longitudinal strain (p = 0.038) and similar EF to term-born control subjects at rest (p = 0.62). However, by 60% exercise intensity, EF was 6.7% lower in preterm subjects (71.9 ± 8.7% vs 78.6 ± 5.4%; p = 0.004) and further declined to 7.3% below the term-born group at 80% exercise intensity (69.8 ± 6.4% vs 77.1 ± 6.3%; p = 0.004). Submaximal cardiac output reserve was 56% lower in preterm-born subjects versus term-born control subjects at 40% of peak exercise capacity (729 ± 1,162 ml/min/m2 vs. 1,669 ± 937 ml/min/m2; p = 0.021). LV length and resting peak systolic longitudinal strain predicted EF increase from rest to 60% exercise intensity in the preterm group (r = 0.68, p = 0.009 and r = 0.56, p = 0.031, respectively).ConclusionsPreterm-born young adults had impaired LV response to physiological stress when subjected to physical exercise, which suggested a reduced myocardial functional reserve that might help explain their increased risk of early heart failure. (Young Adult Cardiovascular Health sTudy [YACHT]; NCT02103231).

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Infants born preterm demonstrate impaired object exploration behaviors throughout infancy and toddlerhood.

Publications

Infants born preterm demonstrate impaired object exploration behaviors throughout infancy and toddlerhood.

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