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Removal of residual nuclei following a cavitation event: a parametric study.

ABSTRACT: The efficacy of ultrasound therapies such as hock-wave lithotripsy and histotripsy can be compromised by residual cavitation bubble nuclei that persist following the collapse of primary cavitation. In our previous work, we have developed a unique strategy for mitigating the effects of these residual bubbles using low-amplitude ultrasound pulses to stimulate their aggregation and subsequent coalescence—effectively removing them from the field. Here, we further develop this bubble removal strategy through an investigation of the effect of frequency on the consolidation process. Bubble removal pulses ranging from 0.5 to 2 MHz were used to sonicate the population of residual nuclei produced upon collapse of a histotripsy bubble cloud. For each frequency, mechanical index(MI) values ranging from 0 to approximately 1.5 were tested.Results indicated that, when evaluated as a function of bubble removal pulse MI, the efficacy of bubble removal shows markedly similar trends for all frequencies tested. This behavior divides into three distinct regimes (with provided cutoffs being approximate): 1) MI < 0.2: Minimal effect on the population of remanent cavitation nuclei; 2) 0.2 < MI < 1: Aggregation and subsequent coalescence of residual bubbles, the extent of which trends toward a maximum; and 3) MI > 1: Bubble coalescence is compromised as bubble removal pulses induce high-magnitude inertial cavitation of residual bubbles. The major distinction in these trends came for bubble removal pulses applied at 2 MHz, which were observed to generate the most effective bubble coalescence of all frequencies tested. We hypothesize that this is a consequence of the secondary Bjerknes force being the major facilitator of the consolidation process, the magnitude of which increases when the bubble size distribution is far from resonance such that the phase difference of oscillation of individual bubbles is minimal.

SUBMITTER: Duryea AP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4698903 | biostudies-other | 2015 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Removal of residual nuclei following a cavitation event: a parametric study.

Duryea Alexander P AP Tamaddoni Hedieh A HA Cain Charles A CA Roberts William W WW Hall Timothy L TL

IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control 20150901 9

The efficacy of ultrasound therapies such as hock-wave lithotripsy and histotripsy can be compromised by residual cavitation bubble nuclei that persist following the collapse of primary cavitation. In our previous work, we have developed a unique strategy for mitigating the effects of these residual bubbles using low-amplitude ultrasound pulses to stimulate their aggregation and subsequent coalescence—effectively removing them from the field. Here, we further develop this bubble removal strategy ...[more]

PMID: 26719861

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Project description:Histotripsy has been shown to be an effective treatment for model kidney stones, eroding their surface to tiny particulate debris via a cavitational bubble cloud. However, similar to shock wave lithotripsy, histotripsy stone treatments display a rate-dependent efficacy, with pulses applied at a low rate generating more efficient stone erosion in comparison with those applied at a high rate. This is hypothesized to be the result of residual cavitation bubble nuclei generated by bubble cloud collapse. Although the histotripsy bubble cloud only lasts on the order of 100 ?s, these microscopic remnant bubbles can persist on the order of 1 s, inducing direct attenuation of subsequent histotripsy pulses and influencing bubble cloud dynamics. In an effort to mitigate these effects, we have developed a novel strategy to actively remove residual cavitation nuclei from the field using low-amplitude ultrasound pulses. Previous work has demonstrated that with selection of the appropriate acoustic parameters these bubble removal pulses can stimulate the aggregation and subsequent coalescence of microscopic bubble nuclei, effectively deleting them from the target volume. Here, we incorporate bubble removal pulses in histotripsy treatment of model kidney stones. It was found that when histotripsy is applied at low rate (1 Hz), bubble removal does not produce a statistically significant change in erosion. At higher pulse rates of 10, 100, and 500 Hz, incorporating bubble removal results in 3.7-, 7.5-, and 2.7-fold increases in stone erosion, respectively. High-speed imaging indicates that the introduction of bubble removal pulses allows bubble cloud dynamics resulting from high pulse rates to more closely approximate those generated at the low rate of 1 Hz. These results corroborate previous work in the field of shock wave lithotripsy regarding the ill effects of residual bubble nuclei, and suggest that high treatment efficiency can be recovered at high pulse rates through appropriate manipulation of the cavitation environment surrounding the stone.

Project description:Following collapse of a histotripsy cloud, residual microbubbles may persist for seconds, distributed throughout the focus. Their presence can attenuate and scatter subsequent pulses, hindering treatment speed and homogeneity. Previous studies have demonstrated use of separate low-amplitude (~1?MPa) pulses interleaved with histotripsy pulses to drive bubble coalescence (BC), significantly improving treatment speed without sacrificing homogeneity. We propose that by using electronic focal steering (EFS) to direct the therapy focus throughout specially-designed EFS sequences, it is possible to use low-gain regions of the therapy beam to accomplish BC during EFS without any additional acoustic sequence. First, to establish proof of principle for an isolated focus, a 50-foci EFS sequence was constructed with the first position isolated near the geometric focus and remaining positions distributed post-focally. EFS sequences were evaluated in tissue-mimicking phantoms with gas concentrations of 20% and 100% with respect to saturation. Results using an isolated focus demonstrated that at 20% gas concentration, 49 EFS pulses were sufficient to achieve BC in all samples for pulse repetition frequency (PRF)?????800 Hz and 84.1%??±??3.0% of samples at 5?kHz PRF. For phantoms prepared with 100% gas concentration, BC was achieved by 49 EFS pulses in 39.2%??±??4.7% of samples at 50 Hz PRF and 63.4%??±??15.3% of samples at 5?kHz. To show feasibility of using the EFS-BC method to ablate a large volume quickly, a 1000-foci EFS sequence covering a volume of approximately 27?ml was tested. Results indicate that the BC effect was similarly present. A treatment rate of 27??±??6?ml min-1 was achieved, which is signficantly faster than standard histotripsy and ultrasound thermal ablation. This study demonstrates that histotripsy with EFS can achieve BC without employing a separate acoustic sequence which has the potential to accelerate large-volume ablation while minimizing energy deposition.

Project description:We investigated the biofilm removal effects of laser activated irrigation (LAI) using a pig model, focusing on the impact of the fiber tip position, and used a high-speed camera to observe the occurrence and positioning of the cavitation associated with laser irradiation. A total of 16 roots of deciduous mandibular second premolars from 4 pigs were used. After a pulpectomy, the canals were left open for 2 weeks and sealed for 4 weeks to induce intraradicular biofilm. Root canal irrigation was then performed with Er:YAG laser activation. The fiber tip was inserted at two different positions, i.e., into the root canal in the intracanal LAI group and into the pulp chamber in the coronal LAI group. Intracanal needle irrigation with saline or 5% NaOCl was utilized in the positive control and conventional needle irrigation (CNI) groups. SEM and qPCR were carried out to evaluate treatment efficacy. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and a Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test for qPCR and with a Steel-Dwass test to compare the SEM scores, with α = 0.05. A high-speed camera was used to observe the generation of cavitation bubbles and the movement of the induced bubbles after laser irradiation. The intracanal and coronal LAI groups showed significantly lower amounts of bacteria than either the positive control or CNI groups. There was no significant difference found between the intracanal and coronal LAI groups. SEM images revealed opened dentinal tubules with the destruction of biofilm in both LAI groups. High-speed camera images demonstrated cavitation bubble production inside the root canal after a single pulse irradiation pulse. The generated bubbles moved throughout the entire internal multi-rooted tooth space. Coronal LAI can generate cavitation in the root canal with a simply placed fiber inside the pulp chamber, leading to effective biofilm removal. This method could thus contribute to the future development of endodontic treatments for refractory apical periodontitis caused by intraradicular biofilm.

Dataset Information

Removal of residual nuclei following a cavitation event: a parametric study.

Publications

Removal of residual nuclei following a cavitation event: a parametric study.

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