Alternate Routes of Administration among Prescription Opioid Misusers and Associations with Sexual HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors.
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SUBMITTER: Buttram ME
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4989239 | biostudies-other | 2016 Jul-Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:BackgroundUnited States (US) policies to mitigate the opioid epidemic focus on reducing access to prescription opioids to prevent overdoses. We examined the impact of state policies in Vermont (July 2017) and Maine (July 2016) on opioid overdoses and opioid-related adverse effects.MethodsStudy population included patients 15 years and older in all-payer claims of Vermont (N = 597,683; Jan.2016-Dec.2018) and Maine (N = 1,370,960; Oct.2015-Dec.2017). We used interrupted time series analyses to assess the impact of opioid prescribing policies on monthly opioid overdose rate and opioid-related adverse effects rate. We used the International Classification of Disease-10-CM to identify overdoses (T40.0 × 1-T40.4 × 4, T40.601-T40.604, T40.691-T40.694) and adverse effects (T40.0 × 5, T40.2 × 5-T40.4 × 5, T40.605, T40.695).ResultsImmediately after the policy, the level of Vermont's opioid overdose rate increased by 34% (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.09, 1.65) while the level of opioid-related adverse effects rate decreased by 29% (95% CI: 0.58, 0.87). In Maine, there was no level change in opioid overdose rate, but the slope of the adverse effects rate after the policy decreased by 3.5% (95% CI: 0.94, 0.99). These results varied within age and rurality subgroups in both states.ConclusionWhile the decrease in rate of adverse effects following the policy changes is promising, the increase in Vermont's opioid overdose rate may suggest there is an association between policy implementation and short-term risk to public health.
| S-EPMC8585674 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionThe opioid epidemic in the U.S. continues to increase in severity, and misuse of prescription opioids is of particular concern since it commonly precedes heroin use. This study examined whether sexual orientation (i.e., sexual identity and sexual attraction) is a risk factor for prescription opioid misuse and use disorder among a nationally representative sample of adults in the U.S.MethodsThis study used data from adult participants (ages ≥18 years) in the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Chi-square tests and logistic regression examined how sexual identity and sexual attraction relate to past-year and past-month prescription opioid misuse and past-year prescription opioid use disorder. Multivariable models examined associations controlling for demographic characteristics and other drug use. Gender-stratified analyses were also conducted. Data were analyzed in 2018.ResultsIn multivariable analyses, compared with those identifying as heterosexual, bisexual individuals were at 1.53 (95% CI=1.20, 1.97) and 1.66 (95% CI=1.14, 2.42) higher odds of reporting past-year and past-month misuse, respectively. In stratified analyses, female bisexuals remained at high risk. Regarding sexual attraction, compared with being attracted to only the opposite sex, being attracted to mostly the opposite sex (AOR=2.15, 95% CI=1.77, 2.63) or being equally attracted to both sexes (AOR=1.78, 95% CI=1.38, 2.30) were associated with higher odds for past-year opioid misuse. In stratified analyses, these associations were limited to females.ConclusionsSexual orientation disparities in opioid misuse and use disorder among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults was found.
| S-EPMC6385586 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PROBLEM/CONDITION:In 2017, a total of 70,237 persons in the United States died from a drug overdose, and 67.8% of these deaths involved an opioid. Historically, the opioid overdose epidemic in the United States has been closely associated with a parallel increase in opioid prescribing and with widespread misuse of these medications. National and state policy makers have introduced multiple measures to attempt to assess and control the opioid overdose epidemic since 2010, including improvements in surveillance systems. PERIOD COVERED:2010-2016 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The Prescription Behavior Surveillance System (PBSS) was created in 2011. Its goal was to track rates of prescribing of controlled substances and possible misuse of such drugs using data from selected state prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP). PBSS data measure prescribing behaviors for prescription opioids using multiple measures calculated from PDMP data including 1) opioid prescribing, 2) average daily opioid dosage, 3) proportion of patients with daily opioid dosages ?90 morphine milligram equivalents, 4) overlapping opioid prescriptions, 5) overlapping opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions, and 6) multiple-provider episodes. For this analysis, PBSS data were available for 2010-2016 from 11 states representing approximately 38.0% of the U.S. POPULATION:Average quarterly percent changes (AQPC) in the rates of opioid prescribing and possible opioid misuse measures were calculated for each state. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION:Opioid prescribing rates declined in all 11 states during 2010-2016 (range: 14.9% to 33.0%). Daily dosage declined least (AQPC: -0.4%) in Idaho and Maine, and most (AQPC: -1.6%) in Florida. The percentage of patients with high daily dosage had AQPCs ranging from -0.4% in Idaho to -2.3% in Louisiana. Multiple-provider episode rates declined by at least 62% in the seven states with available data. Variations in trends across the 11 states might reflect differences in state policies and possible differential effects of similar policies. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS:Use of PDMP data from individual states enables a more detailed examination of trends in opioid prescribing behaviors and indicators of possible misuse than is feasible with national commercially available prescription data. Comparison of opioid prescribing trends among states can be used to monitor the temporal association of national or state policy interventions and might help public health policymakers recognize changes in the use or possible misuse of controlled prescription drugs over time and allow for prompt intervention through amended or new opioid-related policies.
| S-EPMC7011442 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Pain is more common among people living with HIV (PLWH) than their counterparts; however, it is unclear whether analgesic use differs by HIV status. METHODS:We analyzed Medicaid pharmacy claims from adults in 14 US states from 2001 to 2009 to identify opioid and non-opioid analgesic prescriptions and compared prescribing trends by HIV status. We accounted for clinical and demographic differences by using inverse probability weights and by restricting the sample to a subgroup with a common comorbidity, diabetes, chosen for its high prevalence and association with lifestyle and chronic pain. We estimated the incidence of chronic opioid therapy (COT) (≥90 consecutive days with an opioid prescription) among opioid-naïve individuals. RESULTS:Rates of opioid and non-opioid use increased approximately two-fold from 2001 to 2009. PLWH received approximately twice as many prescriptions as those without HIV. In an unadjusted Cox regression, PLWH were three times more likely to receive COT compared to those without HIV (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.06, 95% CI 2.76-3.39). When restricting to patients with diabetes and adjusting for age, sex, state, comorbidity score, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, the HR decreased to 1.26 (95% CI 0.97-1.63). CONCLUSIONS:Higher opioid use among PLWH was largely a function of patients' demographic characteristics and health status. The high incidence of COT among PLWH underscores the importance of practice guidelines that minimize adverse events associated with opioid use.
| S-EPMC6530465 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and aimsIn the United States, the availability of prescription opioids has decreased in recent years. Whether there have been corresponding changes in the likelihood of people with prescription opioid use disorder (POUD) to engage in illegal behaviors related to drug use remains unknown. We examined changes in prevalence of illegal behaviors between people with and without POUD over time, and how transactions for obtaining opioids have changed among people with POUD over time.DesignTemporal trend analysis of repeated cross-sectional data.SettingUnited States household dwelling population from all 50 states and District of Columbia.ParticipantsAdult subsamples from the 2002-14 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (n = 5393 people with POUD; n = 486 768 people without POUD).MeasurementsOutcome variables were selected illegal behaviors and sources of opioids used non-medically. POUD was defined using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria. Time was treated as a continuous variable. The variable of interest for each illegal behavior analysis was the interaction between POUD diagnosis and time. Covariates included age, sex and race/ethnicity.FindingsDuring the 13-year period examined, the adjusted interaction odds ratio (AIOR) describing the change in association between POUD and selling illicit drugs increased by a factor of 2.41 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.56-3.71, P < 0.001]. Similar trends were noted for stealing (AIOR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.31-3.44, P = 0.002) and for life-time history of arrest (AIOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.06-2.19, P = 0.021). People with POUD became less likely to receive opioids for free from friends and family [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.25-0.71, P = 0.001] and more likely to buy them from friends and family (AOR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.76-6.13, P < 0.001) from 2005 to 2014.ConclusionsIn the United States, against a backdrop of a decreasing prescription opioid supply, rates of some crimes potentially related to drug use increased among people with prescription opioid use disorder compared with those without prescription opioid use disorder from 2002 to 2014.
| S-EPMC6819203 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Migration and travel are major drivers of the spread of infectious diseases. Geographic proximity and a common language facilitate travel and migration in Mesoamerica, which in turn could affect the spread of HIV in the region. METHODS:6092 HIV-1 subtype B partial pol sequences sampled from unique antiretroviral treatment-naïve individuals from Mexico (40.7%), Guatemala (24.4%), Honduras (19%), Panama (8.2%), Nicaragua (5.5%), Belize (1.4%), and El Salvador (0.7%) between 2011 and 2016 were included. Phylogenetic and genetic network analyses were performed to infer putative relationships between HIV sequences. The demographic and geographic associations with clustering were analyzed and viral migration patterns were inferred using the Slatkin-Maddison approach on 100 iterations of random subsets of equal number of sequences per location. RESULTS:A total of 1685/6088 (27.7%) of sequences linked with at least one other sequence, forming 603 putative transmission clusters (range: 2-89 individuals). Clustering individuals were significantly more likely to be younger (median age 29 vs 33years, p<0.01) and men-who-have-sex-with-men (40.4% vs 30.3%, p<0.01). Of the 603 clusters, 30 (5%) included sequences from multiple countries with commonly observed linkages between Mexican and Honduran sequences. Eight of the 603 clusters included >10 individuals, including two comprised exclusively of Guatemalans (52 and 89 individuals). Phylogenetic and migration analyses suggested that the Central and Southern regions of Mexico along with Belize were major sources of HIV throughout the region (p<0.01) with genetic flow southward from Mexico to the other nations of Mesoamerica. We also found evidence of significant viral migration within Mexico. CONCLUSION:International clusters were infrequent, suggesting moderate migration between HIV epidemics of the different Mesoamerican countries. Nevertheless, we observed important sources of transnational HIV spread in the region, including Southern and Central Mexico and Belize.
| S-EPMC5610625 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In previous studies, researchers have reported that youth with a lifetime history of prescription opioid misuse (POM) are at an increased risk for suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts. In this study, we investigate whether the association between youth POM and suicide outcomes differs by recency of POM (ie, none, past, or current misuse). In this report, we use data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey to examine associations between recency of POM (current POM, past POM, and no POM) and suicide risk behaviors among US high school students. After controlling for demographics, alcohol, and other drug use, both current POM and past POM were significantly associated with all suicide risk behaviors compared with no POM. Students who reported current POM had the highest adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for suicidal ideation (aPR: 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.97-2.69), planning (aPR: 2.33; 95% CI 1.99-2.79), attempts (aPR: 3.21; 95% CI 2.56-4.02), and feeling sad or hopeless (aPR: 1.59; 95% CI 1.37-1.84). Students who reported current POM also were significantly more likely than youth who reported past POM to report that they had seriously considered attempting suicide, made a suicide plan, and attempted suicide. Although POM, particularly current POM, is associated with increases in the risk for suicide-related behaviors and experiences of youth, comprehensive prevention approaches that address the intersections between suicide and POM provide a promising path forward for addressing these public health challenges among youth.
| S-EPMC8555741 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeNeighborhood characteristics shape sexual risk in HIV-uninfected adults in the United States (US). We assess relationships between census tract characteristics and sexual risk behaviors in a predominantly HIV-infected cohort of women living in the Southern US.MethodsThis cross-sectional multilevel analysis included data from 737 HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Administrative data captured characteristics of census tracts where women lived; participant-level data were gathered via survey. We used principal components analysis to condense tract-level variables into components: social disorder (e.g., violent crime rate), and social disadvantage (e.g., alcohol outlet density). We used hierarchical generalized linear models to assess relationships between tract-level characteristics and condomless vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, and condomless anal intercourse.ResultsGreater social disorder was associated with less anal intercourse (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.43-0.94) and condomless anal intercourse (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.30-0.80), regardless of HIV status. There were no statistically significant additive or multiplicative interactions between tract characteristics and HIV status.ConclusionsNeighborhood characteristics are associated with sexual risk behaviors among women living in the Southern US, these relationships do not vary by HIV status. Future studies should establish temporality and explore the causal pathways through which neighborhoods influence sexual risk.
| S-EPMC5502822 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study examines patterns of sexual behavior, sexual relating, and sexual risk among HIV-positive men sexually active with women. A total of 278 HIV-positive men were interviewed every 6-12 months between 1994 and 2002 and reported considerable variability in sexual behaviors over time. Many were not sexually active at all for months at a time; many continued to have multiple female and at times male partners. Over one-third of the cohort had one or more periods when they had engaged in unprotected sex with a female partner who was HIV-negative or status unknown (unsafe sex). Periods of unsafe sex alternated with periods of safer sex. Contextual factors such as partner relations, housing status, active drug use, and recently exchanging sex showed the strongest association with increased odds of unsafe sex. A number of predictors of unsafe sex among African American men were not significant among the Latino sub-population, suggesting race/ethnic differences in factors contributing to heterosexual transmission. Implications for prevention interventions are discussed.
| S-EPMC2430477 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundEmergency departments increasingly use nonopioid analgesics to manage acute pain and minimize opioid-related harms. Urgent care centers are expanding to lower costs and provide efficient access to healthcare. General internists increasingly work in these acute care settings. Much is known about opioid prescribing in the primary care, inpatient, and emergency department setting. Little is known about opioid prescribing in the urgent care setting and associated outcomes.ObjectivesTo assess the association between in-clinic opioid administration and opioid receipt at clinic discharge and on progression to chronic opioid use among urgent care patients.DesignRetrospective cohort study.ParticipantsPatients, 20 years or older and not on opioid medications, who presented for care to an urgent care clinic within a safety-net healthcare system from June 1, 2016, to April 30, 2019.Main measuresWe examined the association between the in-clinic administration of oral or intravenous opioids and opioid receipt at clinic discharge. We also examined the association between in-clinic opioid administration and progression to chronic opioid use after six months.Key resultsThe study sample included 34,978 patients, of which 13.8% (n = 4842) received in-clinic opioids and 86.2% (n = 30,136) did not receive in-clinic opioids. After adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, insurance, and pain diagnosis, patients who received in-clinic opioids were more likely to receive opioids at discharge compared to patients who did not receive in-clinic opioids (aOR = 12.30, 95% CI 11.44-13.23). Among a selected cohort of patients, in-clinic opioid administration was associated with progression to chronic opioid use (aOR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.66-2.71).ConclusionsIn-clinic opioid administration was strongly associated with opioid receipt at discharge and progression to chronic opioid use. Increased use of nonopioid analgesics in urgent care could likely reduce this association and limit opioids available for diversion, overdose, and death.
| S-EPMC7859130 | biostudies-literature