Dataset Information

Comparison of Functional Outcome and Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) vs. Cardioembolic Stroke Patients.

ABSTRACT: Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) recurrence and functional outcome from long-term follow-up is not well delineated. The purpose of this study is to compare these functional variables between ESUS vs. cardioembolic stroke (CS) patients.We analyzed data of consecutive ESUS and CS patients from our institutional database, from January 2003 until April 2015. The endpoints were stroke recurrence, mortality and poor clinical outcome (Modified Rankin Score 3-6), at discharge, 6 months and final follow-up. Adjusted multivariate Cox analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the probability of recurrence and death.149 ESUS (median age 44 years) and 235 CS (median age 66 years) consecutive patients were included in the study. Median follow-up period for the entire sample was 19 months (interquartile range 6.0-45.0 months). Stroke recurrence was similar between ESUS and CS patients (5.4% vs. 9.8% respectively, p = 0.12). Death occurred in 30 CS cases (12.8%), with a cumulative probability of survival of 77%. Poor functional outcome was present in 58.3%, 54.0% and 54.9% at discharge, 6 months and final follow-up respectively in CS patients, significantly worst compared to ESUS cases (HR 3.1; CI 95% 1.96-4.68). Oral anticoagulation presents with a HR 8.01 for recurrence, and antiplatelet therapy had the highest risk for recurrence for both groups (HR 24.3).ESUS patients are substantially younger than CS patients but have a stroke recurrence rate similar to CS patients, with a lower mortality rate, and better functional outcome on long-term follow-up.

SUBMITTER: Arauz A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5104315 | biostudies-other | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Comparison of Functional Outcome and Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) vs. Cardioembolic Stroke Patients.

Arauz Antonio A Morelos Eugenia E Colín Jonathan J Roldán Javier J Barboza Miguel A MA

PloS one 20161110 11

<h4>Background</h4>Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) recurrence and functional outcome from long-term follow-up is not well delineated. The purpose of this study is to compare these functional variables between ESUS vs. cardioembolic stroke (CS) patients.<h4>Methods</h4>We analyzed data of consecutive ESUS and CS patients from our institutional database, from January 2003 until April 2015. The endpoints were stroke recurrence, mortality and poor clinical outcome (Modified Rankin Score ...[more]

PMID: 27832136

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Project description:Background and Purpose- Atrial cardiopathy and atherosclerotic plaque are two potential mechanisms underlying embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS). The relationship between these two mechanisms among ESUS patients remains unclear. A better understanding of their association may inform targeted secondary prevention strategies. Methods- We examined the association between atrial cardiopathy and atherosclerotic plaque in the NAVIGATE ESUS trial (New Approach Rivaroxaban Inhibition of Factor Xa in a Global Trial Versus ASA to Prevent Embolism in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source), which enrolled 7213 patients with recent ESUS during 2014 to 2017. For this analysis, we included patients with data on left atrial dimension, location of brain infarction, and cervical large artery plaque. The variables of primary interest were left atrial diameter and cervical plaque ipsilateral to brain infarction. Secondary markers of atrial cardiopathy were premature atrial contractions on Holter monitoring and newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation. For descriptive purposes, left atrial enlargement was defined as ?4.7 cm. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between atrial cardiopathy markers and ipsilateral plaque after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, current smoking, and hyperlipidemia. Results- Among 3983 eligible patients, 235 (5.9%) had left atrial enlargement, 939 (23.6%) had ipsilateral plaque, and 94 (2.4%) had both. Shared risk factors for left atrial enlargement and ipsilateral plaque were male sex, white race, hypertension, tobacco use, and coronary artery disease. Despite shared risk factors, increasing left atrial dimension was not associated with ipsilateral plaque after adjustment for covariates (odds ratio per cm, 1.1 [95% CI, 1.0-1.2]; P=0.08). We found no consistent associations between secondary markers of atrial cardiopathy and ipsilateral plaque. Conclusions- In a large population of patients with ESUS, we did not observe a notable association between atrial cardiopathy and atherosclerotic plaque, and few patients had both conditions. These findings suggest that atrial cardiopathy and atherosclerotic plaque may be distinct, nonoverlapping risk factors for stroke among ESUS patients.

Project description:Background and purposeOne-fifth of ischemic strokes are embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS). Their theoretical causes can be classified as cardioembolic versus noncardioembolic. This distinction has important implications, but the categories' proportions are unknown.MethodsUsing data from the Cornell Acute Stroke Academic Registry, we trained a machine-learning algorithm to distinguish cardioembolic versus non-cardioembolic strokes, then applied the algorithm to ESUS cases to determine the predicted proportion with an occult cardioembolic source. A panel of neurologists adjudicated stroke etiologies using standard criteria. We trained a machine learning classifier using data on demographics, comorbidities, vitals, laboratory results, and echocardiograms. An ensemble predictive method including L1 regularization, gradient-boosted decision tree ensemble (XGBoost), random forests, and multivariate adaptive splines was used. Random search and cross-validation were used to tune hyperparameters. Model performance was assessed using cross-validation among cases of known etiology. We applied the final algorithm to an independent set of ESUS cases to determine the predicted mechanism (cardioembolic or not). To assess our classifier's validity, we correlated the predicted probability of a cardioembolic source with the eventual post-ESUS diagnosis of atrial fibrillation.ResultsAmong 1083 strokes with known etiologies, our classifier distinguished cardioembolic versus noncardioembolic cases with excellent accuracy (area under the curve, 0.85). Applied to 580 ESUS cases, the classifier predicted that 44% (95% credibility interval, 39%-49%) resulted from cardiac embolism. Individual ESUS patients' predicted likelihood of cardiac embolism was associated with eventual atrial fibrillation detection (OR per 10% increase, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.03-1.57]; c-statistic, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.58-0.78]). ESUS patients with high predicted probability of cardiac embolism were older and had more coronary and peripheral vascular disease, lower ejection fractions, larger left atria, lower blood pressures, and higher creatinine levels.ConclusionsA machine learning estimator that distinguished known cardioembolic versus noncardioembolic strokes indirectly estimated that 44% of ESUS cases were cardioembolic.

Project description:BackgroundFrom a therapeutic viewpoint, it is important to differentiate the underlying causes of embolism in patients with cryptogenic stroke, such as aortic arch atheroma, patent foramen ovale, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. We investigated the clinical and radiological characteristics of these 3 common causes of cryptogenic embolism to develop models for decision making in etiologic workups.Methods and resultsA total of 321 consecutive patients with acute infarcts from cryptogenic embolism were included. Patients were divided into 3 groups-aortic arch atheroma (n=40), patent foramen ovale (n=153), and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (n=128)-based on extensive cardiologic workups. We used a multinomial logistic regression analysis to detect the clinical and diffusion-weighted imaging factors associated with the probability of aortic arch atheroma, patent foramen ovale, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Clinical and radiological features differed among the groups. The patent foramen ovale group had a healthy vascular risk factor profile and showed posterior circulation involvement compared with other groups (P<0.01). In contrast, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation-related strokes had higher initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and larger lesions than the other groups (P<0.001). The aortic arch atheroma group had clinical features similar to those of the paroxysmal atrial fibrillation group but showed small lesions scattered in multiple vascular territories (P<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that age, initial NIHSS score, lesion size (≥20 mm), multiple (≥3) lesions, and involvement of posterior circulation or multiple vascular territories differentiated the 3 groups (pseudo, R(2)=0.656). The prediction ability of this model was validated in the external validation cohort (n=117, area under the curve 0.78).ConclusionsOur data indicate that patients with cryptogenic embolic stroke show distinct clinical and radiological features depending on the underlying causes.

Dataset Information

Comparison of Functional Outcome and Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) vs. Cardioembolic Stroke Patients.

Publications

Comparison of Functional Outcome and Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) vs. Cardioembolic Stroke Patients.

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