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Chronic lung disease in HIV-infected children established on antiretroviral therapy.

ABSTRACT: Respiratory disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children. Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), children suffer chronic symptoms. We investigated symptom prevalence, lung function and exercise capacity among older children established on ART and an age-matched HIV-uninfected group.A cross-sectional study in Zimbabwe of HIV-infected children aged 6-16 years receiving ART for over 6 months and HIV-uninfected children attending primary health clinics from the same area.Standardized questionnaire, spirometry, incremental shuttle walk testing, CD4 cell count, HIV viral load and sputum culture for tuberculosis were performed.A total of 202 HIV-infected and 150 uninfected participants (median age 11.1 years in each group) were recruited. Median age at HIV diagnosis and ART initiation was 5.5 (interquartile range 2.8-7.5) and 6.1 (interquartile range 3.6-8.4) years, respectively. Median CD4 cell count was 726 cells/?l, and 79% had HIV viral load less than 400 copies/ml. Chronic respiratory symptoms were rare in HIV-uninfected children [n?=?1 (0.7%)], but common in HIV-infected participants [51 (25%)], especially cough [30 (15%)] and dyspnoea [30 (15%)]. HIV-infected participants were more commonly previously treated for tuberculosis [76 (38%) vs 1 (0.7%), P?

SUBMITTER: Rylance J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5106089 | biostudies-other | 2016 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Chronic lung disease in HIV-infected children established on antiretroviral therapy.

Rylance Jamie J Mchugh Grace G Metcalfe John J Mujuru Hilda H Nathoo Kusum K Wilmore Stephanie S Rowland-Jones Sarah S Majonga Edith E Kranzer Katharina K Ferrand Rashida A RA

AIDS (London, England) 20161101 18

<h4>Objective</h4>Respiratory disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children. Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), children suffer chronic symptoms. We investigated symptom prevalence, lung function and exercise capacity among older children established on ART and an age-matched HIV-uninfected group.<h4>Design</h4>A cross-sectional study in Zimbabwe of HIV-infected children aged 6-16 years receiving ART for over 6 months and HIV-uninfected children attending primar ...[more]

PMID: 27662546

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Project description:BackgroundAntiretroviral therapy (ART) has decreased mortality so that increasing numbers of children with HIV are reaching adolescence. However, longstanding HIV infection and/or its treatment in children is associated with noninfectious complications including cardiac disease. We investigated the prevalence, spectrum and risk factors for echocardiographic abnormalities among children established on ART.MethodsHIV-infected children aged 6-16 years, on ART at least 6 months were enrolled into a cross-sectional study from a public-sector paediatric HIV clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe. A standardized examination including transthoracic echocardiography was performed. Local echocardiographic reference ranges were used to define cardiac abnormalities. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between cardiac abnormalities and risk factors.ResultsOf the 201participants recruited, 92 (46%) were girls and median age was 11 (IQR 9-12) years; CD4+ cell count was 727?cells/?l (IQR 473-935) and 154 (78%) had viral load less than 400?copies/ml. Echocardiographic abnormalities were found in 83 (42%); left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction was the most common abnormality 45 (23%) and LV hypertrophy in 22 (11%). LV and left atrial dilatation were found in 9 (5%) and 16 (8%), respectively. Right ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction were found in 13 (7%) and 4 (2%), respectively, of whom 60% had concurrent left heart abnormalities. Current use of nevirapine was associated with LVH [aOR 3.14 (1.13-8.72; P?=?0.03)] and hypertension was associated with LV diastolic dysfunction [aOR 3.12 (1.48-6.57; P?<?0.01)].ConclusionHIV-infected children established on ART have a high burden of echocardiographic abnormalities. Right heart disease was predominantly associated with left heart abnormalities and may be part of a global cardiomyopathic process. Further studies are needed to investigate the natural history, aetiology, and pathogenesis of these abnormalities, so that appropriate monitoring and treatment strategies can be developed.

Project description:BackgroundUndernutrition and malnutrition in children in low- and middle-income countries contribute to high mortality rates. Stunting, a prevalent form of malnutrition, is associated with educational and productivity losses. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection worsen these conditions. This study seeks to investigate the presence of enteropathy using EED fecal biomarkers in HIV-infected children who are stable on antiretroviral therapy (ART) across various nutritional statuses. By understanding the interplay between EED, HIV, and nutritional status, this study aims to provide insights that can inform targeted interventions to optimize nutritional outcomes in HIV infected children.Methods/principal findingsThis study evaluated the levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin, calprotectin and myeloperoxidase in frozen fecal samples from 61 HIV infected (mean age 9.16 ±3.08 years) and 31 HIV uninfected (6.65 ±3.41 years) children in Malawi. Anthropometric measurements and clinical data were collected. The height-for-age z-score (-1.66 vs -1.27, p = 0.040) and BMI-for-age z-score (-0.36 vs 0.01, p = 0.037) were lower in HIV infected children. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure biomarker concentrations. Statistical tests were applied to compare biomarker levels based on HIV status and anthropometric parameters. Myeloperoxidase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and calprotectin concentrations did not differ between HIV infected and HIV uninfected children of different age groups. In HIV infected children from 5-15 years, there is no difference in biomarker concentration between the stunted and non-stunted groups.Conclusion/significanceOur study found a higher prevalence of stunting in HIV infected children compared to uninfected children, but no significant differences in biomarker concentrations. This suggests no causal relationship between enteropathy and stunting in HIV infected children. These results contribute to the understanding of growth impairment in HIV infected children and emphasize the need for further research, particularly a longitudinal, biopsy-controlled study.

Project description:ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to describe lipid profiles and glucose homeostasis in HIV-positive children after initiating or changing antiretroviral therapy and their associations with viral, immune, antiretroviral therapy, and growth factor parameters.MethodsNinety-seven prepubertal HIV-positive children aged 1 month to <13 years were observed for 48 weeks after beginning or changing antiretroviral therapy. Fasting lipid panels, serum glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and binding proteins-1 and -3, plasma viral load, and CD4% were measured. Each child was matched on age, gender, and race/ethnicity to children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, used to give z scores for each child's lipid values. Multivariate regression was used to evaluate the association of changes in z scores over 48 weeks with suppression of HIV-1 RNA, change in CD4% and growth factors, and antiretroviral therapy, adjusted for entry z score, CD4%, log(10) HIV-1 RNA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category, and total fat and cholesterol dietary intake.ResultsLipid, apolipoprotein, and insulin levels all increased significantly by 48 weeks. Multivariate analysis of changes demonstrated that increased HDL and decreased total-HDL cholesterol ratio were associated with CD4% increase and with insulin-like growth factor-1, which increased to normal (versus remained stable or became low) over 48 weeks. Total cholesterol levels increased among children who achieved HIV-1 RNA of <400 copies per mL. Antiretroviral therapy regimens that included both a protease inhibitor and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor were associated with greater increases in total-HDL cholesterol ratio than regimens that contained a protease inhibitor or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor but not both.ConclusionsIn these HIV-positive children with predominantly mild-to-moderate disease, initiation or change in antiretroviral therapy was associated with significant increases in multiple lipid measures and insulin resistance. Favorable lipid changes were associated with CD4% increases, suggesting a protective effect of immune reconstitution on atherosclerosis, and with increased insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, supporting the theory that reduced growth hormone resistance may be a mechanism by which lipid profiles are improved. Finally, antiretroviral therapy regimens that contain both a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and a protease inhibitor are associated with worse lipid profiles than regimens that contain 1 but not both of these drug classes.

Dataset Information

Chronic lung disease in HIV-infected children established on antiretroviral therapy.

Publications

Chronic lung disease in HIV-infected children established on antiretroviral therapy.

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