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Adherence of self-monitoring of blood glucose in persons with type 1 diabetes in Sweden.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:The primary aim was to evaluate the extent to which persons with type 1 diabetes perform self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) according to guidelines. Secondary objectives were to investigate predictors for good SMBG adherence, reasons for non-adherence, and association between SMBG frequency and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). METHODS:This was a survey-based cross-sectional study. Questionnaires were sent out to 600 random patients at five sites. Patients were included if they were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and ?18?years old and excluded if they were currently using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Analysis of data was performed separately for the three sites where the answer frequency was ?70%. RESULTS:In total, 138 of 314 study participants, 43.9% (95% CI 38.5% to 49.4%) performed SMBG ?4 times per day. For the three clinics where ?70% of surveyed patients were included in the analysis, results were similar, 41.3% (95% CI 34.7% to 47.8%). Top three reported reasons for not performing more frequent SMBG were lack of time, not remembering, and self-consciousness. Frequency of SMBG was associated with HbA1c levels (p<0.0001). 30% of patients believed that ?3 SMBG/day was recommended by healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS:Less than 50% of patients in Sweden follow guidelines of SMBG ?4 times per day, despite glucose meters and strips being generally available at no cost. This indicates a need for further support in performing SMBG and increased availability of other tools for glucose monitoring.

SUBMITTER: Mostrom P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5387961 | biostudies-other | 2017

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Adherence of self-monitoring of blood glucose in persons with type 1 diabetes in Sweden.

Moström Peter P Ahlén Elsa E Imberg Henrik H Hansson Per-Olof PO Lind Marcus M

BMJ open diabetes research & care 20170406 1

<h4>Objective</h4>The primary aim was to evaluate the extent to which persons with type 1 diabetes perform self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) according to guidelines. Secondary objectives were to investigate predictors for good SMBG adherence, reasons for non-adherence, and association between SMBG frequency and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).<h4>Methods</h4>This was a survey-based cross-sectional study. Questionnaires were sent out to 600 random patients at five sites. Patients were included if th ...[more]

PMID: 28611921

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Project description:IntroductionFrequent glucose monitoring is essential to obtain glucose control. This is done by periodic self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) using finger-prick testing, or by using continuous glucose monitoring devices, wherein a sensor records interstitial glucose data automatically. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of using the FreeStyle Libre Flash Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (FSL) compared to SMBG in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with insulin from a Swedish societal perspective.MethodsCost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using the IQVIA Core Diabetes model v9.5, with demographic and clinical inputs from a real-world study using Swedish National Diabetes Register data. Two cohorts of individuals with T2D were considered based on baseline HbA1C (HbA1c: 8-9% [64-75 mmol/mol]; HbA1c: 9-12% [75-108 mmol/mol]). HbA1c reductions with FSL were - 0.41% (- 4 mmol/mol; SD: 0.94%-10 mmol/mol) and - 1.30% (- 14 mmol/mol; SD: 1.40%-15 mmol/mol) for the two cohorts, respectively. Utilities, treatment costs and diabetes-related complication costs were obtained from published sources. Analyses were conducted over a lifetime horizon, applying annual discounting of 3% on costs and effects. Scenario analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsIndividuals with T2D who had a baseline HbA1c of 8-9% (64-75 mmol/mol) and 9-12% (75-108 mmol/mol) and used FSL gained 0.50 and 0.57 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), respectively, at an incremental cost of SEK109,957 and SEK82,170 compared to SMBG, generating an incremental cost-utility ratio of SEK219,127 and SEK144,412 per QALY gained. Assuming a willingness-to-pay threshold of SEK300,000 per QALY gained, FSL use was considered cost-effective compared to SMBG for the majority of the individuals in both the lower and higher HbA1c cohorts. The key driver identified was the additional quality-of-life benefit that applied to FSL use.ConclusionThe FreeStyle Libre Flash Continuous Glucose Monitoring System is a cost-effective glucose monitoring alternative to SMBG for individuals with T2D in Sweden who are treated with insulin but are not reaching their glycaemic goals.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Continuous glucose monitorings (CGMs) have been used to manage diabetes with reasonable glucose control amongst patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in recent decades. CGMs measure interstitial fluid glucose levels to provide information about glucose levels, which identify fluctuation that would not have been identified with conventional self-monitoring. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a classical tool to measure glycaemic changes. However, the effectiveness of glucose control, hypoglycemia, weight change, quality of life and user satisfaction, are needed to evaluate and compare CGMs and SMBG amongst adults with T2D. METHODS:The review will compare the various forms of CGM systems (i.e flash CGM, real-time CGM, retrospective CGM) versus SMBG or usual intervention regarding diabetes management amongst adults with T2D. The following databases will be searched: Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus and grey literature (ClinicalTrials.gov, PsycEXTRA, ProQuest Dissertations, Google Scholar and Theses Global) for the identification of studies. The studies involving adults (aged ? 18?years old) will be included. We will only include and summarise randomised clinical trials (RCTs) with respect to authors, publication type, year, status and type of devices. Studies published in English between February 2010 and March 2020, will be included as the field of CGMs amongst T2D patients has emerged over the last decade. Primary outcomes will be HbA1c (glycosylated haemoglobin level) (mmol/L), body weight (kg), time spent with hypoglycaemia (< 70?mg/dl) or hyperglycaemia (? 180?mg/dl), blood pressure (< 140/90?mmHg is considered as good management) and quality of life (understanding and feeling of living situation based on culture and value system). Secondary outcome measures will be user satisfaction (patient or treatment/intervention satisfaction or satisfaction scale) and barriers (physical and mental difficulties or issues). Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be conducted independently by at least two reviewers. A third reviewer will determine and resolve discrepancies. Moreover, the quality of the evidence of the review will be assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation tool (GRADE). DISCUSSION:The review will synthesise evidence on the comparison between using CGMs and SMBG. The results will support researchers and health professionals to determine the most effective methods/technologies in the overall diabetes management. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:PROSPERO CRD42020149212.

Dataset Information

Adherence of self-monitoring of blood glucose in persons with type 1 diabetes in Sweden.

Publications

Adherence of self-monitoring of blood glucose in persons with type 1 diabetes in Sweden.

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