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Self-Sensing Properties of Alkali Activated Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) Composites Reinforced with Carbon Fibers.

ABSTRACT: In recent years, several researchers have shown the good performance of alkali activated slag cement and concretes. Besides their good mechanical properties and durability, this type of cement is a good alternative to Portland cements if sustainability is considered. Moreover, multifunctional cement composites have been developed in the last decades for their functional applications (self-sensing, EMI shielding, self-heating, etc.). In this study, the strain and damage sensing possible application of carbon fiber reinforced alkali activated slag pastes has been evaluated. Cement pastes with 0, 0.29 and 0.58 vol % carbon fiber addition were prepared. Both carbon fiber dosages showed sensing properties. For strain sensing, function gage factors of up to 661 were calculated for compressive cycles. Furthermore, all composites with carbon fibers suffered a sudden increase in their resistivity when internal damages began, prior to any external signal of damage. Hence, this material may be suitable as strain or damage sensor.

SUBMITTER: Vilaplana JL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5452839 | biostudies-other | 2013 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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---Mechanical behavior of textile reinforced alkali-activated mortar based on fly ash, metakaolin and ladle furnace slag.

Project description:The need for repair and maintenance has become dominant in the European construction sector. This, combined with the urge to decrease CO 2 emissions, has resulted in the development of lower carbon footprint repair solutions such as textile reinforced mortars (TRM) based on alkali-activated materials (AAM). Life cycle studies indicate that AAM CO 2 savings, when compared to Portland cement, range from 80% to 30%. Furthermore, in this study, recycled aggregates were considered with the aim to promote a circular economy mindset. AAM mortars formulation based on fly ash, ladle furnace slag and metakaolin were tested for compressive and flexural strength. Three out of all formulations were chosen for an analysis on the potential of these mortars to be used for TRM applications. Tensile and shear bond tests, combined with a concrete substrate, were executed as indicators of the TRM effectiveness. Scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to interpret the results and reveal the reasons behind the different level of performance of these composites. Results indicated that TRM based on high calcium fly ash are unsuitable for structural strengthening applications due to low bond between matrix and/or substrate and fibers. Metakaolin-based TRM showed good performance both in terms of tensile strength and bond capacity, which suggests potential as a repair mortar.

| S-EPMC10445836 | biostudies-literature

Geopolymer Based on Mechanically Activated Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag.

Project description:An efficient solution to increase the sustainability of building materials is to replace Portland cement with alkali-activated materials (AAM). Precursors for those systems are often based on water-cooled ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBFS). Quenching of blast furnace slag can be done also by air but in that case, the final product is crystalline and with a very low reactivity. The present study aimed to evaluate the cementitious properties of a mechanically activated (MCA) air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) used as a precursor in sodium silicate alkali-activated systems. The unreactive ACBFS was processed in a planetary ball mill and its cementing performances were compared with an alkali-activated water-cooled GGBFS. Mixes based on mechanically activated ACBFS reached the 7-days compressive strength of 35 MPa and the 28-days compressive strength 45 MPa. The GGBFS-based samples showed generally higher compressive strength values.

| S-EPMC7085006 | biostudies-literature

Effect of Na₃PO₄ on the Hydration Process of Alkali-Activated Blast Furnace Slag.

Project description:In recent years, the utilization of different non-traditional cements and composites has been increasing. Alkali-activated cementitious materials, especially those based on the alkali activation of blast furnace slag, have considerable potential for utilization in the building industry. However, alkali-slag cements exhibit very rapid setting times, which are too short in some circumstances, and these materials cannot be used for some applications. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable retarding admixture. It was shown that the sodium phosphate additive has a strong effect on the heat evolution during alkali activation and effectively retards the hydration reaction of alkali-activated blast furnace slag. The aim of the work is the suggestion of a reaction mechanism of retardation mainly based on Raman and X‑ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

| S-EPMC5503029 | biostudies-other

The Characterization of Fixation of Ba, Pb, and Cu in Alkali-Activated Fly Ash/Blast Furnace Slag Matrix.

Project description:The fixation of heavy metals (Ba, Cu, Pb) in an alkali-activated matrix was investigated. The matrix consisted of fly ash and blast furnace slag (BFS). The mixture of NaOH and Na-silicate was used as alkaline activator. Three analytical techniques were used to describe the fixation of heavy metals-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). All heavy metals formed insoluble salts after alkaline activation. Ba was fixed as BaSO₄, and only this product was crystalline. EDS mapping showed that Ba was cumulated in some regions and formed clusters. Pb was present in the form of Pb(OH)₂ and was dispersed throughout the matrix on the edges of BFS grains. Cu was fixed as Cu(OH)₂ and also was cumulated in some regions and formed clusters. Cu was present in two different chemical states; apart from Cu(OH)₂, a Cu-O bond was also identified.

| S-EPMC5456941 | biostudies-other

Durability of Fibre-Reinforced Calcium Aluminate Cement (CAC)-Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) Blended Mortar after Sulfuric Acid Attack.

Project description:Concrete wastewater infrastructures are important to modern society but are susceptible to sulfuric acid attack when exposed to an aggressive environment. Fibre-reinforced mortar has been adopted as a promising coating and lining material for degraded reinforced concrete structures due to its unique crack control and excellent anti-corrosion ability. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of polyethylene (PE) fibre-reinforced calcium aluminate cement (CAC)-ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) blended strain-hardening mortar after sulfuric acid immersion, which represented the aggressive sewer environment. Specimens were exposed to 3% sulfuric acid solution for up to 112 days. Visual, physical and mechanical performance such as water absorption ability, sorptivity, compressive and direct tensile strength were evaluated before and after sulfuric acid attack. In addition, micro-structure changes to the samples after sulfuric acid attack were also assessed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to further understand the deterioration mechanism. The results show that overall fibre-reinforced calcium aluminate cement (CAC)-based samples performed significantly better than fibre-reinforced ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based samples as well as mortar samples in sulfuric acid solution in regard to visual observations, penetration depth, direct tensile strength and compressive reduction. Gypsum generation in the cementitious matrix of both CAC and OPC-based systems was the main reason behind the deterioration mechanism after acid attack exposure. Moreover, laboratory sulfuric acid testing has been proven for successfully screening the cementitious material against an acidic environment. This method can be considered to design the service life of concrete wastewater pipes.

| S-EPMC7503559 | biostudies-literature

The Effect of Fibrous Reinforcement on the Polycondensation Degree of Slag-Based Alkali Activated Composites.

Project description:Alternative cementitious binders, based on industrial side streams, characterized by a low carbon footprint, are profitably proposed to partially replace Portland cement. Among these alternatives, alkali-activated materials have attracted attention as a promising cementitious binder. In this paper, the chemical stability of the matrix, in fiber-reinforced slag-based alkali-activated composites, was studied, in order to assess any possible effect of the presence of the reinforcement on the chemistry of polycondensation. For this purpose, organic fiber, cellulose, and an inorganic fiber, basalt, were chosen, showing a different behavior in the alkaline media that was used to activate the slag fine powders. The novelty of the paper is the study of consolidation by means of chemical measurements, more than from the mechanical point of view. The evaluation of the chemical behavior of the starting slag in NaOH, indeed, was preparatory to the understanding of the consolidation degree in the alkali-activated composites. The reactivity of alkali-activated composites was studied in water (integrity test, normed leaching test, pH and ionic conductivity), and acids (leaching in acetic acid and HCl attack). The presence of fibers does not favor nor hinder the geopolymerization process, even if an increase in the ionic conductivity in samples containing fibers leads to the hypothesis that samples with fibers are less consolidated, or that fiber dissolution contributes to the conductivity values. The amorphous fraction was enriched in silicon after HCl attack, but the structure was not completely dissolved, and the presence of an amorphous phase is confirmed (C-S-H gel). Basalt fibers partly dissolved in the alkaline environment, leading to the formation of a C-N-A-S-H gel surrounding the fibers. In contrast, cellulose fiber remained stable in both acidic and alkaline conditions.

| S-EPMC8399163 | biostudies-literature

Properties of Foamed Mortar Prepared with Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag.

Project description:Foamed mortar with a density of 1300 kg/m³ was prepared. In the initial laboratory trials, water-to-cement (w/c) ratios ranging from 0.54 to 0.64 were tested to determine the optimal value for foamed mortar corresponding to the highest compressive strength without compromising its fresh state properties. With the obtained optimal w/c ratio of 0.56, two types of foamed mortar were prepared, namely cement-foamed mortar (CFM) and slag-foamed mortar (SFM, 50% cement was replaced by slag weight). Four different curing conditions were adopted for both types of foamed mortar to assess their compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and thermal insulation performance. The test results indicated that utilizing 50% of slag as cement replacement in the production of foamed mortar improved the compressive strength, UPV and thermal insulation properties. Additionally, the initial water curing of seven days gained higher compressive strength and increased UPV values as compared to the air cured and natural weather curing samples. However, this positive effect was more pronounced in the case of compressive strength than in the UPV and thermal conductivity of foamed mortar.

| S-EPMC5455276 | biostudies-other

Recovery of scandium and neodymium from blast furnace slag using acid baking-water leaching.

Project description:The current study puts the emphasis on developing a pyro-hydrometallurgical process, called acid baking-water leaching, to recover scandium and neodymium from blast furnace slag produced by the ironmaking industry. In this process, the feed is mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid, digested at 200-400 °C, and leached in water at ambient conditions. This process offers several advantages including less acidic waste generation and rapid kinetics. With fundamental investigations into the digestion mechanism, acid to slag mass ratio and baking temperature are determined to have the most significant positive and negative impacts, respectively. At low acid to slag ratio, the silicate bearing phases in the feed do not digest, resulting in low extraction. At 200 °C baking temperature, a hydrated aluminum sulfate ((Al(H2O)6)2(SO4)3(H2O)4.4) phase with weak hydrogen bonds is formed that leaches in water rapidly (<10 min); while at 400 °C, Al2(SO4)3 with strong ionic bonds is formed that leaches at slower kinetics (>4 h). Fundamental investigations into the water leaching process indicate that the diffusion of water through the firm solid product (ash layer) is the rate determining step. We expect the results of this study would help enable valorization of industrial byproducts, in particular ironmaking slag.

| S-EPMC9056533 | biostudies-literature

Mechanical Properties and Eco-Efficiency of Steel Fiber Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete.

Project description:Conventional concrete production that uses ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a binder seems unsustainable due to its high energy consumption, natural resource exhaustion and huge carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. To transform the conventional process of concrete production to a more sustainable process, the replacement of high energy-consumptive PC with new binders such as fly ash and alkali-activated slag (AAS) from available industrial by-products has been recognized as an alternative. This paper investigates the effect of curing conditions and steel fiber inclusion on the compressive and flexural performance of AAS concrete with a specified compressive strength of 40 MPa to evaluate the feasibility of AAS concrete as an alternative to normal concrete for CO₂ emission reduction in the concrete industry. Their performances are compared with reference concrete produced using OPC. The eco-efficiency of AAS use for concrete production was also evaluated by binder intensity and CO₂ intensity based on the test results and literature data. Test results show that it is possible to produce AAS concrete with compressive and flexural performances comparable to conventional concrete. Wet-curing and steel fiber inclusion improve the mechanical performance of AAS concrete. Also, the utilization of AAS as a sustainable binder can lead to significant CO₂ emissions reduction and resources and energy conservation in the concrete industry.

| S-EPMC5458908 | biostudies-other

Radiation and electrostatic resistance for ultra-stable polymer composites reinforced with carbon fibers.

Project description:Future space travel needs ultra-lightweight and robust structural materials that can withstand extreme conditions with multiple entry points to orbit to ensure mission reliability. This is unattainable with current inorganic materials. Ultra-highly stable carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have shown susceptibility to environmental instabilities and electrostatic discharge, thereby limiting the full lightweight potential of CFRP. A more robust and improved CFRP is needed in order to improve space travel and structural engineering further. Here, we address these challenges and present a superlattice nano-barrier-enhanced CFRP with a density of ~3.18 g/cm3 that blends within the mechanical properties of the CFRP, thus becoming part of the composite itself. We demonstrate composites with enhanced radiation resistance coupled with electrical conductivity (3.2 × 10-8 ohm⋅m), while ensuring ultra-dimensionally stable physical properties even after temperature cycles from 77 to 573 K.

| S-EPMC10022895 | biostudies-literature

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