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Heat shock protein 90β in the Vero cell membrane binds Japanese encephalitis virus.

ABSTRACT: The pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is complex and unclearly defined, and in particular, the effects of the JEV receptor (JEVR) on diverse susceptible cells are elusive. In contrast to previous studies investigating JEVR in rodent or mosquito cells, in this study, we used primate Vero cells instead. We noted that few novel proteins co‑immunoprecipitated with JEV, and discovered that one of these was heat shock protein 90β (HSP90β), which was probed by mass spectrometry with the highest score of 60.3 after questing the monkey and human protein databases. The specific HSP90β‑JEV binding was confirmed by western blot analysis under non‑reducing conditions, and this was significantly inhibited by an anti‑human HSP90β monoclonal antibody in a dose‑dependent manner, as shown by immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry. In addition, the results of confocal laser scanning microscopic examination demonstrated that the HSP90β‑JEV binding occurred on the Vero cell surface. Finally, JEV progeny yields determined by plaque assay were also markedly decreased in siRNA‑treated Vero cells, particularly at 24 and 36 h post‑infection. Thus, our data indicate that HSP90β is a binding receptor for JEV in Vero cells.

SUBMITTER: Wang Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5505021 | biostudies-other | 2017 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Japanese encephalitis virus

Project description:Japanese encephalitis virus Genome sequencing and assembly

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Agranulocytosis following injection of inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (Vero cell): A case report.

Project description:BackgroundJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito borne flavivirus, is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, in terms of frequency and severity. JEV infection is thought to confer lifelong immunity. With the near eradication of poliomyelitis, JEV is now the continent's leading cause of childhood viral neurologic infection and disability. The most common clinical manifestation of JEV infection is acute encephalitis, and currently there is no specific antiviral therapy. Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (JE-VC) is an effective prevention measure, including JE-VC, Live (JE-MB), and Inactivated JE-VC.Case summaryA 9-mo-old girl received injection of Inactivated JE-VC (Vero cell) (Liaoning Chengda, batch number 201611B17) on August 31, 2017. On that night, she developed a fever with the body temperature up to 38.5 °C, for which Ibuprofen Suspension Drops 1.25 mL was given as antipyretic treatment. On September 1, the patient developed apocleisis, and her parents noticed herpes in her oral cavity. The patient was sent to our hospital on September 3. Physical examination led to a diagnosis of herpetic stomatitis, for which Stomatitis Spray 1 puff, tid, Kangfuxin Liquid 2 mL, tid, and vitamin B2 0.5 tablet, tid, were prescribed. Routine blood tests for low fever on September 6, 2017 revealed an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 0.62 × 109/L, hemoglobin (Hb) of 109 g/L, and platelet count (PLT) of 308 × 1012/L, and the tests were monitored regularly thereafter. The patient was followed until July 26, 2020, when routine blood tests revealed ANC 1.72 × 109/L, Hb 138 g/L, and PLT 309 × 1012/L, indicating that the neutropenia count had normalized.ConclusionThis report attempts to bring to clinical attention that Inactivated JE-VC (Vero cell) might cause prolonged granulocytopenia or even agranulocytosis.

| S-EPMC8464466 | biostudies-literature

Protein kinase A binds and activates heat shock factor 1.

Project description:BackgroundMany inducible transcription factors are regulated through batteries of posttranslational modifications that couple their activity to inducing stimuli. We have studied such regulation of Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1), a key protein in control of the heat shock response, and a participant in carcinogenisis, neurological health and aging. As the mechanisms involved in the intracellular regulation of HSF1 in good health and its dysregulation in disease are still incomplete we are investigating the role of posttranslational modifications in such regulation.Methodology/principal findingsIn a proteomic study of HSF1 binding partners, we have discovered its association with the pleiotropic protein kinase A (PKA). HSF1 binds avidly to the catalytic subunit of PKA, (PKAc?) and becomes phosphorylated on a novel serine phosphorylation site within its central regulatory domain (serine 320 or S320), both in vitro and in vivo. Intracellular PKAc? levels and phosphorylation of HSF1 at S320 were both required for HSF1 to be localized to the nucleus, bind to response elements in the promoter of an HSF1 target gene (hsp70.1) and activate hsp70.1 after stress. Reduction in PKAc? levels by small hairpin RNA led to HSF1 exclusion from the nucleus, its exodus from the hsp70.1 promoter and decreased hsp70.1 transcription. Likewise, null mutation of HSF1 at S320 by alanine substitution for serine led to an HSF1 species excluded from the nucleus and deficient in hsp70.1 activation.ConclusionsThese findings of PKA regulation of HSF1 through S320 phosphorylation add to our knowledge of the signaling networks converging on this factor and may contribute to elucidating its complex roles in the stress response and understanding HSF1 dysregulation in disease.

| S-EPMC2976705 | biostudies-literature

Heat shock protein 70 promotes cell survival by inhibiting lysosomal membrane permeabilization.

Project description:Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a potent survival protein whose depletion triggers massive caspase-independent tumor cell death. Here, we show that Hsp70 exerts its prosurvival function by inhibiting lysosomal membrane permeabilization. The cell death induced by Hsp70 depletion was preceded by the release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytosol and inhibited by pharmacological inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine proteases. Accordingly, the Hsp70-mediated protection against various death stimuli in Hsp70-expressing human tumor cells as well as in immortalized Hsp70 transgenic murine fibroblasts occurred at the level of the lysosomal permeabilization. On the contrary, Hsp70 failed to inhibit the cytochrome c-induced, apoptosome-dependent caspase activation in vitro and Fas ligand-induced, caspase-dependent apoptosis in immortalized fibroblasts. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that endosomal and lysosomal membranes of tumor cells contained Hsp70. Permeabilization of purified endo/lysosomes by digitonin failed to release Hsp70, suggesting that it is physically associated with the membranes. Finally, Hsp70 positive lysosomes displayed increased size and resistance against chemical and physical membrane destabilization. These data identify Hsp70 as the first survival protein that functions by inhibiting the death-associated permeabilization of lysosomes.

| S-EPMC2211935 | biostudies-literature

Immunogenicity and safety of inactivated chromatographically purified Vero cell-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine in Thai children.

Project description:Inactivated mouse-brain-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine has a worrisome safety profile and the live attenuated vaccine is unsuitable in immunodeficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated chromatographically purified Vero-cell-derived JE vaccine (CVI-JE, Beijing P-3 strain) in children. 152 healthy Thai children, with an average (SD) age of 14.4 (3.8) months, received 3 doses of CVI-JE on days 0, 7-28, and one year. Homologous JE neutralizing antibody titers (NT) were measured. All subjects had seroprotection [geometric mean titer (GMT) 150] 28 days' post 2nd vaccination. The seroprotection rates at 1 year after primary series and and 1 month after the booster were 89.3% (GMT 49) and 100% (GMT 621), respectively. Local and systemic reactions-fever (17.6%), vomiting (8%), and poor appetite (5.3%)-were noted within 28 days' post-vaccination. All these symptoms were self-limited. CONCLUSIONS:CVI-JE is safe, immunogenic, and provided high NT.

| S-EPMC5893197 | biostudies-literature

Membrane permeabilization by small hydrophobic nonstructural proteins of Japanese encephalitis virus.

Project description:Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, may cause acute encephalitis in humans and induce severe cytopathic effects in various types of cultured cells. We observed that JEV replication rendered infected baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells sensitive to the translational inhibitor hygromycin B or alpha-sarcine, to which mock-infected cells were insensitive. However, little is known about whether any JEV nonstructural (NS) proteins contribute to virus-induced changes in membrane permeability. Using an inducible Escherichia coli system, we investigated which parts of JEV NS1 to NS4 are capable of modifying membrane penetrability. We found that overexpression of NS2B-NS3, the JEV protease, permeabilized bacterial cells to hygromycin B whereas NS1 expression failed to do so. When expressed separately, NS2B alone, but not NS3, was sufficient to alter bacterial membrane permeability. Similarly, expression of NS4A or NS4B also rendered bacteria susceptible to hygromycin B inhibition. Examination of the effect of NS1 to NS4 expression on bacterial growth rate showed that NS2B exhibited the greatest inhibitory capability, followed by a modest repression from NS2A and NS4A, whereas NS1, NS3, and NS4B had only trivial influence with respect to the vector control. Furthermore, when cotransfected with a reporter gene luciferase or beta-galactosidase, transient expression of NS2A, NS2B, and NS4B markedly reduced the reporter activity in BHK-21 cells. Together, our results suggest that upon JEV infection, these four small hydrophobic NS proteins have various modification effects on host cell membrane permeability, thereby contributing in part to virus-induced cytopathic effects in infected cells.

| S-EPMC112703 | biostudies-literature

Crystal structure of the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein.

Project description:Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading global cause of viral encephalitis. The JEV envelope protein (E) facilitates cellular attachment and membrane fusion and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. We have determined the 2.1-Å resolution crystal structure of the JEV E ectodomain refolded from bacterial inclusion bodies. The E protein possesses the three domains characteristic of flavivirus envelopes and epitope mapping of neutralizing antibodies onto the structure reveals determinants that correspond to the domain I lateral ridge, fusion loop, domain III lateral ridge, and domain I-II hinge. While monomeric in solution, JEV E assembles as an antiparallel dimer in the crystal lattice organized in a highly similar fashion as seen in cryo-electron microscopy models of mature flavivirus virions. The dimer interface, however, is remarkably small and lacks many of the domain II contacts observed in other flavivirus E homodimers. In addition, uniquely conserved histidines within the JEV serocomplex suggest that pH-mediated structural transitions may be aided by lateral interactions outside the dimer interface in the icosahedral virion. Our results suggest that variation in dimer structure and stability may significantly influence the assembly, receptor interaction, and uncoating of virions.

| S-EPMC3302414 | biostudies-literature

Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS1' Protein Antagonizes Interferon Beta Production.

Project description:Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne virus and the major cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. NS1', a 52-amino acid C-terminal extension of NS1, is generated with a -1 programmed ribosomal frameshift and is only present in members of the Japanese encephalitis serogroup of flaviviruses. Previous studies demonstrated that NS1' plays a vital role in virulence, but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, an NS1' defected (rG66A) virus was generated. We found that rG66A virus was less virulent than its parent virus (pSA14) in wild-type mice. However, similar mortality caused by the two viruses was observed in an IFNAR knockout mouse model. Moreover, we found that rG66A virus induced a greater type I interferon (IFN) response than that by pSA14, and JEV NS1' significantly inhibited the production of IFN-? and IFN-stimulated genes. Taken together, our results reveal that NS1' plays a vital role in blocking type I IFN production to help JEV evade antiviral immunity and benefit viral replication.

| S-EPMC6335221 | biostudies-literature

Crystal Structure of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus Capsid Protein.

Project description:Japanese encephalitis (JE) is inflammation and swelling of the brain caused by the JE virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne member of the Flavivirus family. There are around 68,000 JE cases worldwide each year, many of which result in permanent brain damage and death. There is no specific treatment for JE. Here we present the crystal structure of the JEV capsid protein, a potential drug target, at 1.98 Å, and compare it to other flavivirus capsid proteins. The JEV capsid has a helical secondary structure (α helixes 1-4) and a similar protein fold to the dengue virus (DENV), the West Nile virus (WNV), and the Zika virus (ZIKV) capsid proteins. It forms a homodimer by antiparallel pairing with another subunit (') through α-helix 1-1', 2-2', and 4-4' interactions. This dimeric form is believed to be the building block of the nucleocapsid. The flexibility of the N-terminal α helix-1 allows the formation of closed and open conformations with possible functional importance. The basic C-terminal pairing of α4-4' forms a coiled-coil-like structure, indicating possible nucleic acid binding functionality. However, a comparison with other nucleic acid interacting domains indicates that homodimerization would preclude binding. This is the first JEV capsid protein to be described and is an addition to the structural biology of the Flavivirus.

| S-EPMC6669762 | biostudies-literature

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