Addressing Asia's fast growing diabetes epidemic.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER:
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5537752 | biostudies-other | 2017 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
Similar Datasets
Project description:In the pediatric population, type 2 diabetes has become a growing concern. A correlation appears to exist among type 2 diabetes in children, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. If obesity and diabetes are left untreated, conditions such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy may result as well. These conditions indicate the incredible strain on the health care system caused by diabetes and obesity. This strain may be eased by logical treatments such as exercise and healthy eating habits for the child and family. However, these lifestyle changes are not always effective in controlling blood sugar. When lifestyle changes do not yield positive results, the clinician must decide which (if any) pharmacological treatments are safe to use in the pediatric population. Orlistat and sibutramine have been studied in children as treatments for obesity and appear to be safe and effective for this population. Metformin and insulin are among the medications approved to treat diabetes in children and adolescents. Healthcare practitioners must play a role in educating parents and their children about the effects of obesity on the development of diseases like diabetes, as well as various therapies used to manage diabetes. In addition, healthcare practitioners can assist patients and their parents in understanding the benefits and risks of medications used in the treatment of the disease, assistance that may result in them making informed decisions regarding their overall health.
| S-EPMC3468104 | biostudies-other
Project description:The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) among the Hispanic population in the United States are higher than the national average. This is partly due to sociocultural factors, such as lower income and decreased access to education and health care, as well as a genetic susceptibility to obesity and higher insulin resistance. This review focuses on understanding the Hispanic population living in the United States from a multidisciplinary approach and underlines the importance of cultural, social, and biological factors in determining the increased risk of T2D in this population. An overview of the acute and chronic complications of T2D upon this population is included, which is of paramount importance to understand the toll that diabetes has upon this population, the health system, and society as a whole. Specific interventions directed to the Hispanic populations are needed to prevent and alleviate some of the burdens of T2D. Different prevention strategies based on medications, lifestyle modifications, and educational programmes are discussed herein. Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is a critical element of care of all people with diabetes and is considered necessary to improve patient outcomes. To be more effective, programmes should take into consideration cultural factors that influence the development and progression of diabetes. These interventions aim to enhance long-term effects by reducing the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of T2D in the Hispanic population of the United States.
| S-EPMC6953173 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Purpose of reviewObese breast cancer patients have poorer outcomes compared to non-obese patients. The intent of this review is to discuss recent studies and analyses regarding the status of the obesity epidemic and its effect on breast cancer incidence and outcomes. Subsequently, we will introduce a program implemented at a New York City hospital to reduce the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer patients with obesity.Recent findingsThe prevalence of obesity among adult Americans is 42%, spanning all racial and socioeconomic groups. Importantly, obesity is associated with multiple chronic diseases including cancer. Among breast cancer patients, obesity is linked to higher mortality and poorer clinical outcomes, including but not limited to distant recurrence and secondary malignancies.SummaryCurrent treatment of breast cancer patients does not address the link between obesity and poorer prognosis. Here, we present a general strategy for reducing the morbidity and mortality of obese breast cancer patients by addressing the obesity epidemic.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12609-022-00460-4.
| S-EPMC9362519 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fast growth is vital to the commercial production of fish and has been achieved gradually, through generations of selective breeding, and instantaneously, through growth hormone (GH) transgenesis (GHT). The proteomic basis for these differing routes towards a largely common higher phenotype is poorly characterized, as are associated implications for fish health parameters. We addressed this knowledge gap in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) testing two hypotheses: i) that selective breeding and GHT are underpinned by both parallel and non-parallel changes in growth pathways compared to wild-type, and ii) that rapidly growing fish have less scope to allocate energetic resources into immune function. Skeletal muscle was studied, owing to its central role in growth and energetic storage. We compared the proteomes of GHT and growth-selected domesticated strains with wild-type animals following injections with PBS (control) and Poly I:C (to mimic viral infection). Hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass-spectrometry using a label-free analysis revealed large changes in the proteome of GHT and growth-selected strains that were strikingly non-overlapping, with surprisingly few parallel changes. GHT was characterized by a focal upregulation of translation systems, while growth-selected fish presented a larger and more diverse set of changes, consistent with genetic alterations influencing an array of metabolic and cellular pathways. Contrasting past studies examining mRNA levels, many proteomic changes distinguished the growth-selected strain from both GHT and wild fish. Contrasting our second hypothesis, Poly I:C had little detectable effect on the muscle proteome. This investigation reveals that highly distinct proteome profiles can explain outwardly similar growth phenotypes, improving our understanding of how fast growth is achieved in animal strains created by humans.
2018-09-24 | PXD009537 | Pride
Project description:Chicken growth traits are important in poultry production, however, little is known for its regulatory mechanism at epigenetic level. Therefore, this study aims to compare DNA methylation profiles between fast- and slow-growing broilers in order to identify candidate genes underlying chicken growth. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (MeDIP-seq) was used to investigate the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in high and low tails of Recessive White Rock (WRRh, WRRl) and that of Xinhua Chickens (XHh, XHl). The results showed that the average of methylation density was the lowest in CGIs followed by promoters. Within the gene body, the methylation density of introns was higher than UTRs and exons. Moreover, different methylation levels were observed in different repeat types with the highest in LINE/CR1. Methylated CGIs were prominently distributed in the intergenic regions and were enriched in the size range of 200-300 bp. In total 13,294 methylated genes were found in four samples, including 4,085 differentially methylated genes between WRRh and WRRl, 5,599 between XHh and XHl, 4,204 between WRRh and XHh, as well as 7,301 between WRRl and XHl. Moreover, 132 differentially methylated genes related to growth and metabolism were observed in both inner contrasts (WRRh Vs. WRRl and XHh Vs. XHl), whereas 129 differentially methylated genes related to growth and metabolism were found in both across-breed contrasts (WRRh Vs. XHh and WRRl Vs. XHl). Further analysis showed that overall 75 genes exhibited altered DNA methylation in all four contrasts, which included some well-known growth factors of IGF1R, FGF12, FGF14, FGF18, FGFR2, and FGFR3. In addition, we further validate the MeDIP-seq results by bisulfite sequencing in some regions.
2012-12-06 | GSE42751 | GEO
Project description:Opioid misuse has become one of the most pressing public health problems facing the country. In this article, we briefly review literature regarding the opioid epidemic in the United States and the negative consequences of opioid use disorder. We provide information regarding treatment and relapse using a variety of intervention approaches. We call for research on people with opioid use disorder that can contribute to a variety of areas: improving medication-assisted treatment, addressing chronic pain, examination of adjunctive behavioral interventions, overdose, high risk behaviors and infections, pregnancy, diverse populations, and other psychological factors. Collectively addressing these crucial areas of research will advance the field and help alleviate suffering and prevent death from opioid use disorder.
| S-EPMC6090487 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Using national data on opioid prescriptions written by physicians from 2006 to 2014, we uncover a striking relationship between opioid prescribing and medical school rank. Even within the same specialty and practice location, physicians who completed their initial training at top medical schools write significantly fewer opioid prescriptions annually than physicians from lower ranked schools. Additional evidence suggests that some of this gradient represents a causal effect of education rather than patient selection across physicians or physician selection across medical schools. Altering physician education may therefore be a useful policy tool in fighting the current epidemic.
| S-EPMC6258178 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionGrowth traits are important in poultry production, however, little is known for its regulatory mechanism at epigenetic level. Therefore, in this study, we aim to compare DNA methylation profiles between fast- and slow-growing broilers in order to identify candidate genes for chicken growth. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (MeDIP-seq) was used to investigate the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in high and low tails of Recessive White Rock (WRR(h); WRR(l)) and that of Xinhua Chickens (XH(h); XH(l)) at 7 weeks of age. The results showed that the average methylation density was the lowest in CGIs followed by promoters. Within the gene body, the methylation density of introns was higher than that of UTRs and exons. Moreover, different methylation levels were observed in different repeat types with the highest in LINE/CR1. Methylated CGIs were prominently distributed in the intergenic regions and were enriched in the size ranging 200-300 bp. In total 13,294 methylated genes were found in four samples, including 4,085 differentially methylated genes of WRR(h) Vs. WRR(l), 5,599 of XH(h) Vs. XH(l), 4,204 of WRR(h) Vs. XH(h), as well as 7,301 of WRR(l) Vs. XH(l). Moreover, 132 differentially methylated genes related to growth and metabolism were observed in both inner contrasts (WRR(h) Vs. WRR(l) and XH(h) Vs. XH(l)), whereas 129 differentially methylated genes related to growth and metabolism were found in both across-breed contrasts (WRR(h) Vs. XH(h) and WRR(l) Vs. XH(l)). Further analysis showed that overall 75 genes exhibited altered DNA methylation in all four contrasts, which included some well-known growth factors of IGF1R, FGF12, FGF14, FGF18, FGFR2, and FGFR3. In addition, we validate the MeDIP-seq results by bisulfite sequencing in some regions.ConclusionsThis study revealed the global DNA methylation pattern of chicken muscle, and identified candidate genes that potentially regulate muscle development at 7 weeks of age at methylation level.
| S-EPMC3575439 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The impact of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) infection on the US pork industry has mainly been attributed to the mortality that it causes in suckling piglets, and, consequently, much effort has been invested in the quantification of its effect in sow farms. However, no information on the performance of surviving pigs that were exposed to the PEDv as piglets is available. Here, a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) infection on growing pigs' performance, as indicated by mortality, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was performed using production records from weaned pigs in nursery and wean-to-finish sites from sow farms that became PEDv-infected between May 2013 and June 2014. Production records from the first batch of growing pigs weaned in infected flows after the PEDv outbreak ("infected batches") were compared with those from pigs weaned within the previous 14 to 120 days ("control batches"). Performance records from infected and control batches, paired by flow, were compared using non-parametric paired tests. Mortality, ADG and FCR were significantly different in PEDv-positive (infected) compared with PEDv-negative (control) batches, with a mean increase of mortality and FCR of 11% and 0.5, respectively, and a decrease of ADG of 0.16 lb/day. Our results demonstrate a poorer performance of growing pigs weaned after a PEDv outbreak compared with those weaned within the previous 14-120 days, suggesting that in addition to the mortality induced by PEDv in suckling pigs, the disease also impairs the performance of surviving pig. These findings help to quantify the impact of PEDv infection in the US and, ultimately, contribute to efforts to quantify the cost-effectiveness of disease prevention and control measures.
| S-EPMC4359118 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ecological interactions are ubiquitous on tropical coral reefs, where sessile organisms coexist in limited space. Within these high-diversity systems, reef-building scleractinian corals form an intricate interaction network. The role of biotic interactions among reef corals is well established on ecological timescales. However, its potential effect on macroevolutionary patterns remains unclear. By analysing the rich fossil record of Scleractinia, we show that reef coral biodiversity experienced marked evolutionary rate shifts in the last 3 million years, possibly driven by biotic interactions. Our models suggest that there was an overwhelming effect of staghorn corals (family Acroporidae) on the fossil diversity trajectories of other coral groups. Staghorn corals showed an unparalleled spike in diversification during the Pleistocene. But surprisingly, their expansion was linked with increases in both extinction and speciation rates in other coral families, driving a nine-fold increase in lineage turnover. These results reveal a double-edged effect of diversity dependency on reef evolution. Given their fast growth, staghorn corals may have increased extinction rates via competitive interactions, while promoting speciation through their role as ecosystem engineers. This suggests that recent widespread human-mediated reductions in staghorn coral cover, may be disrupting the key macroevolutionary processes that established modern coral reef ecosystems.
| S-EPMC9065008 | biostudies-literature