Dataset Information

The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) Experiment.

ABSTRACT: The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment was conducted from Guam (13.5° N, 144.8° E) during January-February 2014. Using the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V research aircraft, the experiment investigated the photochemical environment over the tropical western Pacific (TWP) warm pool, a region of massive deep convection and the major pathway for air to enter the stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter. The new observations provide a wealth of information for quantifying the influence of convection on the vertical distributions of active species. The airborne in situ measurements up to 15 km altitude fill a significant gap by characterizing the abundance and altitude variation of a wide suite of trace gases. These measurements, together with observations of dynamical and microphysical parameters, provide significant new data for constraining and evaluating global chemistry climate models. Measurements include precursor and product gas species of reactive halogen compounds that impact ozone in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. High accuracy, in-situ measurements of ozone obtained during CONTRAST quantify ozone concentration profiles in the UT, where previous observations from balloon-borne ozonesondes were often near or below the limit of detection. CONTRAST was one of the three coordinated experiments to observe the TWP during January-February 2014. Together, CONTRAST, ATTREX and CAST, using complementary capabilities of the three aircraft platforms as well as ground-based instrumentation, provide a comprehensive quantification of the regional distribution and vertical structure of natural and pollutant trace gases in the TWP during NH winter, from the oceanic boundary to the lower stratosphere.

SUBMITTER: Pan LL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5889942 | biostudies-other | 2017 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) Experiment.

Pan L L LL Atlas E L EL Salawitch R J RJ Honomichl S B SB Bresch J F JF Randel W J WJ Apel E C EC Hornbrook R S RS Weinheimer A J AJ Anderson D C DC Andrews S J SJ Baidar S S Beaton S P SP Campos T L TL Carpenter L J LJ Chen D D Dix B B Donets V V Hall S R SR Hanisco T F TF Homeyer C R CR Huey L G LG Jensen J B JB Kaser L L Kinnison D E DE Koenig T K TK Lamarque J-F JF Liu C C Luo J J Luo Z J ZJ Montzka D D DD Nicely J M JM Pierce R B RB Riemer D D DD Robinson T T Romashkin P P Saiz-Lopez A A Schauffler S S Shieh O O Stell M H MH Ullmann K K Vaughan G G Volkamer R R Wolfe G G

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 20170123 1

The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment was conducted from Guam (13.5° N, 144.8° E) during January-February 2014. Using the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V research aircraft, the experiment investigated the photochemical environment over the tropical western Pacific (TWP) warm pool, a region of massive deep convection and the major pathway for air to enter the stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter. The new observations provide a wealth of information f ...[more]

PMID: 29636590

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Project description:BackgroundIn the city of Maastricht in the Netherlands, a highway crossing several deprived neighborhoods was tunneled in 2016. The vacant space on top of this tunnel was redesigned and prioritized for pedestrians and cyclists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of this major infrastructural change, named the Green Carpet, on total and transport-based physical activity (PA) levels.MethodsParticipants (≥18 years) were part of one of three area-based exposure groups. The maximal exposure group lived in neighborhoods directly bordering the Green Carpet. The minimal exposure group consisted of individuals living at the other side of the city, and the no exposure group consisted of individuals living in a nearby city. Actual use of the new infrastructure was incorporated as a second measure of exposure. Data were collected before and 3-15 months after the opening of the Green Carpet. Device-based measurements were conducted to obtain PA levels and collect location data. Changes in PA over time and intervention effects were determined using linear mixed models.ResultsPA levels in the Green Carpet area increased for the maximal and minimal exposure groups, but did not lead to an increase in total or transport-based PA. For the no exposure group, transport-based MVPA decreased and transport-based SB increased. The significant interaction (time x exposure) for transport-based SB, indicated differences in trends between the no exposure and maximal exposure group (B=-3.59, 95% CI - 7.15; -0.02) and minimal exposure group (B= -4.02, 95% CI -7.85, -0.19). Trends in the results based on analyses focusing on actual use and non-use of the new infrastructure were similar to those of the area-based analyses.ConclusionsResults suggest that the Green Carpet led to more PA in this specific area, but did not increase the total volume of PA. The area-based differences might reflect the differences between users and non-users, but we should be careful when interpreting these results, due to possible interference of selective mobility bias. This paper reflects that the relationship between infrastructure and PA is not unambiguous.Trial registrationThis research was retrospectively registered at the Netherlands Trial Register ( NL8108 ).

Dataset Information

The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) Experiment.

Publications

The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) Experiment.

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