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An implicit pictorial methodology for measuring and retraining smokers' reactivity to pictures of pros and cons of smoking: development protocol.

ABSTRACT: The last decades, there has been increased interest in the application of implicit pictorial tasks (e.g. Visual Probe Task (VPT), Approach Avoidance Task (AAT)) to target addictive behaviors. The present study reports on the development of implicit pictorial assessment and modification tasks aimed at targeting cognitive biases underlying motivational smoking-related cognitions (i.e. the pros and cons of smoking).Respondents were adult daily smokers not motivated to quit smoking within six months (N = 33). A cross-sectional four-step approach using qualitative and quantitative strategies was utilized to identify and match pictures of pros and cons of smoking.The study resulted in 30 pro-con picture pairs matched on valence, arousal and complexity: the picture pairs were used to develop a VPT assessment and training for attentional biases and an AAT assessment and training for approach-avoidance biases.The developed measurement and training tasks will be used to explore and change cognitive biases regarding pros and cons of smoking. This may consequently influence the perceived pros and cons of smoking and yield positive effects with regard to the motivation to quit smoking.

SUBMITTER: Elfeddali I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5935902 | biostudies-other | 2016 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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An implicit pictorial methodology for measuring and retraining smokers' reactivity to pictures of pros and cons of smoking: development protocol.

Elfeddali I I de Vries H H

Contemporary clinical trials communications 20161019

<h4>Objectives</h4>The last decades, there has been increased interest in the application of implicit pictorial tasks (e.g. Visual Probe Task (VPT), Approach Avoidance Task (AAT)) to target addictive behaviors. The present study reports on the development of implicit pictorial assessment and modification tasks aimed at targeting cognitive biases underlying motivational smoking-related cognitions (i.e. the pros and cons of smoking).<h4>Methods</h4>Respondents were adult daily smokers not motivate ...[more]

PMID: 29736484

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Project description:BackgroundThe dual-process theory is central to several models of addiction, implying the importance of automatic processes in the maintenance and development of addiction. Implicit beliefs are traces of previous experience which relate to the representation in cognition. Implicit behavioral tendencies are traces of previous experience which relate to the representation in behavioral tendencies. In this study, we aim to provide behavioral evidence for implicit beliefs and implicit behavioral tendencies towards smoking-related cues among Chinese male smokers and non-smokers. We also examine the relationships among implicit beliefs, implicit behavioral tendencies and smoking behaviors of smokers.MethodsIn order to achieve these goals, we used an implicit association test (IAT) to measure implicit beliefs and implicit behavioral tendencies simultaneously. Thirty-nine smokers and twenty-five non-smokers were tested, using smoking-related words and images, as well as neutral words and images as stimuli.ResultsOur analysis shows significant differences in smokers' and non-smokers' implicit beliefs and behavioral tendencies (t62 = 3.494, p < 0.001; t62 = 5.034, p < 0.001). In the group of smokers, implicit beliefs and implicit behavioral tendencies were positively correlated with each other (r = 0.460, p < 0.01). In addition, smokers' scores for implicit behavioral tendencies are negatively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (r = - 0.51, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis study suggests that implicit beliefs and behavioral tendencies toward smoking-related cues vary significantly between Chinese male smokers and non-smokers. In addition, there is a positive correlation between implicit beliefs and behavioral tendencies within smokers. It also shows for the first time that the implicit behavioral tendencies are related to smoking behaviors. Our results may be considered as references for smoking cessation interventions focused on changes at the implicit level, and they provide a new perspective for measuring different dimensions of implicit attitudes by an IAT. This finding might promote the development of the network theory of implicit attitudes.

Project description:Macroalgae stand out for their high content of dietary fiber (30-75%) that include soluble, sulfated (fucoidan, agaran, carrageenan, and ulvan) and non-sulfated (laminaran and alginate) polysaccharides. Many studies indicate that these compounds exert varied biological activities and health-promoting effects and for this reason, there is a growing interest for using them in food products. The aim of this review was to critically evaluate prebiotic properties of algal polysaccharides, i.e., their ability to exert biological activities by modulating the composition and/or diversity of gut microbiota (GM). Pre-clinical studies show that the non-sulfated alginate and laminaran are well-fermented by GM, promoting the formation of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyrate, and preventing that of harmful putrefactive compounds (NH3, phenol, p-cresol, indole and H2S). Alginate increases Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus species while laminaran mostly stimulates Bacteroides sp. Results with sulfated polysaccharides are more questionable. Agarans are poorly fermentable but agarose-oligosaccharides exhibit an interesting prebiotic potential, increasing butyrate-producing bacteria and SCFAs. Though carrageenan-oligosaccharides are also fermented, their use is currently limited due to safety concerns. Regarding fucoidan, only one study reports SCFAs production, suggesting that it is poorly fermented. Its effect on GM does not indicate a clear pattern, making difficult to conclude whether it is beneficial or not. Notably, fucoidan impact on H2S production has not been evaluated, though some studies report it increases sulfate-reducing bacteria. Ulvan is badly fermented by GM and some studies show that part of its sulfate is dissimilated to H2S, which could affect colonic mitochondrial function. Accordingly, these results support the use of laminaran, alginate and agaro-oligosaccharides as prebiotics while more studies are necessary regarding that of fucoidan, carrageenan and ulvan. However, the realization of clinical trials is necessary to confirm such prebiotic properties in humans.

Dataset Information

An implicit pictorial methodology for measuring and retraining smokers' reactivity to pictures of pros and cons of smoking: development protocol.

Publications

An implicit pictorial methodology for measuring and retraining smokers' reactivity to pictures of pros and cons of smoking: development protocol.

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