Dataset Information

Broderes in arms: Gangs and the socialization of violence in Nicaragua.

ABSTRACT: Drawing on longitudinal ethnographic research that has been ongoing since 1996, this article explores the way that gangs socialize individuals into violent norms and practices in Nicaragua. It shows how different types of gang violence can be related to distinct socialization processes and mechanisms, tracing how these dynamically articulate individual agency, group dynamics and contextual circumstances, albeit in ways that change over time. As such, the article highlights how gang socialization is not only a variable multilayered process, but also a very volatile one, which suggests that the socialization of violence and its consequences are not necessarily enduring.

SUBMITTER: Rodgers D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6187852 | biostudies-other | 2017 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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<i>Bróderes</i> in arms: Gangs and the socialization of violence in Nicaragua.

Rodgers Dennis D

Journal of peace research 20170912 5

Drawing on longitudinal ethnographic research that has been ongoing since 1996, this article explores the way that gangs socialize individuals into violent norms and practices in Nicaragua. It shows how different types of gang violence can be related to distinct socialization processes and mechanisms, tracing how these dynamically articulate individual agency, group dynamics and contextual circumstances, albeit in ways that change over time. As such, the article highlights how gang socialization ...[more]

PMID: 30369635

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Project description:Leishmaniasis is a major neglected tropical disease which contributes a huge economic burden on already meager economic resources. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated an annual incidence of 700,000--1,000,000 patients and about 20,000-30,000 deaths per year. Approximately 66,941 patients of cutaneous leishmaniasis are reported annually in the Americas. In recent years, Nicaragua has presented alarmingly high numbers of patients and elevated incidence rates. Unfortunately, there are no detailed spatial descriptions on the epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis in this country. The objective of this study is to present descriptive data about the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Nicaragua in the context of the distribution of this neglected tropical disease (NTD) in the Americas. This paper also provides an epidemiological update on different forms of leishmaniasis found in the three administrative regions of Nicaragua and its municipalities. Health authorities from the Ministry of Health of Nicaragua (MINSA) provided the entomological and epidemiological information for the different forms of the disease from 2001 to 2018. Prevalence, incidence rates, clinical classification of disease, age groups, sex, and geographic distribution by municipality and department are described in this study. Approximately 90%-95% of the national patients corresponded to CL and 5-10% correspond to MCL. The disease is distributed in the three regions of the country, with a higher burden in the Departments of Jinotega, Matagalpa and Atlántico Norte. The municipalities with the highest proportion of patients were El Cuá (23.92%), Waslala (14.16), Santa Maria de Pantasma (9.62%), Rancho Grande (9.03%) and Siuna (7.67%). There is an expansion of spatial distribution of CL and MCL in the North Central and South Atlantic regions of the country. These results could inform interventional strategies to address the burden of leishmaniasis in Nicaragua, which would improve the likelihood of meeting the goals for the Leishmaniasis Plan of Action for the Americas.

Project description:BackgroundSnakebites are a public health problem in Nicaragua: it is a tropical developing country, venomous snakes are present and there are reports of snakebites treated both in the formal and informal health care system. We aimed to produce an incidence map using data reported by the health care system that would be used to allocate resources. However, this map may suffer from case detection bias and decisions based on this map will neglect snakebite victims who do not receive healthcare. To avoid this error, we try to identify where underreporting is likely based on available information.Method and findingsThe Nicaraguan municipalities are categorized by precipitation, altitude and geographical location into regions of assumed homogenous snake prevalence. Socio-economic and healthcare variables hypothesized to be related to underreporting of snakebites are aggregated into an index. The environmental region variable, the underreporting index and three demographic variables (rurality, sex and age distribution) are entered in a Poisson regression model of municipality-level snakebite incidence. In this model, the underreporting index is non-linearly associated with snakebite incidence, a finding we attribute to underreporting in the most deprived municipalities. The municipalities with the worst scoring on the underreporting index and those with combined low reported incidence and large rural population are identified as likely underreporting. 3,286 snakebite cases were reported in 2005-2009, corresponding to a 5-year incidence of 56 bites per 100,000 inhabitants (municipality range: 0-600 cases per 100,000 inhabitants).ConclusionsUsing publicly available data, we identified areas likely to be underreporting snakebites and highlighted these areas instead of leaving them "white" on the incidence map. The effects of the case detection bias on the distribution of resources against snakebites could decrease. Although not yet verified empirically, our study provides an example of how snake bite epidemiology may be investigated in similar settings worldwide at a low cost.

Dataset Information

Broderes in arms: Gangs and the socialization of violence in Nicaragua.

Publications

<i>Bróderes</i> in arms: Gangs and the socialization of violence in Nicaragua.

Similar Datasets

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