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The DnaJ proteins DJA6 and DJA5 are essential for chloroplast iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis

ABSTRACT: Fe-S clusters are ancient, ubiquitous and highly essential prosthetic groups for numerous fundamental processes of life. The biogenesis of Fe-S clusters is a multistep process including iron acquisition, sulfur mobilization and cluster formation. Extensive studies have provided deep insights into the mechanism of the latter two assembly steps. However, the mechanism of iron utilization during chloroplast Fe-S cluster biogenesis is still unknown. Here we identified two Arabidopsis DnaJ proteins, DJA6 and DJA5, that can bind iron through their conserved cysteine residues and facilitate iron incorporation into Fe-S clusters by interactions with the SUF (Sulfur Utilization Factor) apparatus through their J domain. Loss of these two proteins causes severe defects in the accumulation of chloroplast Fe-S proteins, a dysfunction of photosynthesis, and a significant intracellular iron overload. Evolutionary analyses revealed that DJA6 and DJA5 are highly conserved in photosynthetic organisms ranging from cyanobacteria to higher plants and share a strong evolutionary relationship with SUFE1, SUFC and SUFD throughout the green lineage. Thus, our work uncovers a conserved mechanism of iron utilization for chloroplast Fe-S cluster biogenesis.

SUBMITTER: Dr. Jing Zhang

PROVIDER: S-SCDT-EMBOJ-2020-106742 | biostudies-other |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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The DnaJ proteins DJA6 and DJA5 are essential for chloroplast iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis.

Project description:Fe-S clusters are ancient, ubiquitous and highly essential prosthetic groups for numerous fundamental processes of life. The biogenesis of Fe-S clusters is a multistep process including iron acquisition, sulfur mobilization, and cluster formation. Extensive studies have provided deep insights into the mechanism of the latter two assembly steps. However, the mechanism of iron utilization during chloroplast Fe-S cluster biogenesis is still unknown. Here we identified two Arabidopsis DnaJ proteins, DJA6 and DJA5, that can bind iron through their conserved cysteine residues and facilitate iron incorporation into Fe-S clusters by interactions with the SUF (sulfur utilization factor) apparatus through their J domain. Loss of these two proteins causes severe defects in the accumulation of chloroplast Fe-S proteins, a dysfunction of photosynthesis, and a significant intracellular iron overload. Evolutionary analyses revealed that DJA6 and DJA5 are highly conserved in photosynthetic organisms ranging from cyanobacteria to higher plants and share a strong evolutionary relationship with SUFE1, SUFC, and SUFD throughout the green lineage. Thus, our work uncovers a conserved mechanism of iron utilization for chloroplast Fe-S cluster biogenesis.

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Characterization of the human HSC20, an unusual DnaJ type III protein, involved in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis.

Project description:The importance of mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis for human health has been well established, but the roles of some components of this critical pathway still remain uncharacterized in mammals. Among them is human heat shock cognate protein 20 (hHSC20), the putative human homolog of the specialized DnaJ type co-chaperones, which are crucial for bacterial and fungal ISC assembly. Here, we show that the human HSC20 protein can complement for its counterpart in yeast, Jac1p, and interacts with its proposed human partners, hISCU and hHSPA9. hHSC20 is expressed in various human tissues and localizes mainly to the mitochondria in HeLa cells. However, small amounts were also detected extra-mitochondrially. RNA interference-mediated depletion of hHSC20 specifically reduced the activities of both mitochondrial and cytosolic ISC-containing enzymes. The recovery of inactivated ISC enzymes was markedly delayed after an oxidative insult of hHSC20-deficient cells. Conversely, overexpression of hHSC20 substantially protected cells from oxidative insults. These results imply that hHSC20 is an integral component of the human ISC biosynthetic machinery that is particularly important in the assembly of ISCs under conditions of oxidative stress. A cysteine-rich N-terminal domain, which clearly distinguishes hHSC20 from the specialized DnaJ type III proteins of fungi and most bacteria, was found to be important for the integrity and function of the human co-chaperone.

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Chloroplast iron-sulfur cluster protein maturation requires the essential cysteine desulfurase CpNifS.

Project description:NifS-like proteins provide the sulfur (S) for the formation of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, an ancient and essential type of cofactor found in all three domains of life. Plants are known to contain two distinct NifS-like proteins, localized in the mitochondria (MtNifS) and the chloroplast (CpNifS). In the chloroplast, five different Fe-S cluster types are required in various proteins. These plastid Fe-S proteins are involved in a variety of biochemical pathways including photosynthetic electron transport and nitrogen and sulfur assimilation. In vitro, the chloroplastic cysteine desulfurase CpNifS can release elemental sulfur from cysteine for Fe-S cluster biogenesis in ferredoxin. However, because of the lack of a suitable mutant allele, the role of CpNifS has not been studied thus far in planta. To study the role of CpNifS in Fe-S cluster biogenesis in vivo, the gene was silenced by using an inducible RNAi (interference) approach. Plants with reduced CpNifS expression exhibited chlorosis, a disorganized chloroplast structure, and stunted growth and eventually became necrotic and died before seed set. Photosynthetic electron transport and carbon dioxide assimilation were severely impaired in the silenced plant lines. The silencing of CpNifS decreased the abundance of all chloroplastic Fe-S proteins tested, representing all five Fe-S cluster types. Mitochondrial Fe-S proteins and respiration were not affected, suggesting that mitochondrial and chloroplastic Fe-S assembly operate independently. These findings indicate that CpNifS is necessary for the maturation of all plastidic Fe-S proteins and, thus, essential for plant growth.

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Hybrid Methods in Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biogenesis.

Project description:Hybrid methods, which combine and integrate several biochemical and biophysical techniques, have rapidly caught up in the last twenty years to provide a way to obtain a fuller description of proteins and molecular complexes with sizes and complexity otherwise not easily affordable. Here, we review the use of a robust hybrid methodology based on a mixture of NMR, SAXS, site directed mutagenesis and molecular docking which we have developed to determine the structure of weakly interacting molecular complexes. We applied this technique to gain insights into the structure of complexes formed amongst proteins involved in the molecular machine, which produces the essential iron-sulfur cluster prosthetic groups. Our results were validated both by X-ray structures and by other groups who adopted the same approach. We discuss the advantages and the limitations of our methodology and propose new avenues, which could improve it.

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Iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis and trafficking in mitochondria.

Project description:The biogenesis of iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins in eukaryotes is a multistage, multicompartment process that is essential for a broad range of cellular functions, including genome maintenance, protein translation, energy conversion, and the antiviral response. Genetic and cell biological studies over almost 2 decades have revealed some 30 proteins involved in the synthesis of cellular [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters and their incorporation into numerous apoproteins. Mechanistic aspects of Fe/S protein biogenesis continue to be elucidated by biochemical and ultrastructural investigations. Here, we review recent developments in the pursuit of constructing a comprehensive model of Fe/S protein assembly in the mitochondrion.

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Mammalian iron sulfur cluster biogenesis and human diseases.

Project description: Not available

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Iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, trafficking, and signaling: Roles for CGFS glutaredoxins and BolA proteins.

Project description:The synthesis and trafficking of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes requires coordination within an expanding network of proteins that function in the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts in order to assemble and deliver these ancient and essential cofactors to a wide variety of Fe-S-dependent enzymes and proteins. This review focuses on the evolving roles of two ubiquitous classes of proteins that operate in this network: CGFS glutaredoxins and BolA proteins. Monothiol or CGFS glutaredoxins possess a Cys-Gly-Phe-Ser active site that coordinates an Fe-S cluster in a homodimeric complex. CGFS glutaredoxins also form [2Fe-2S]-bridged heterocomplexes with BolA proteins, which possess an invariant His and an additional His or Cys residue that serve as cluster ligands. Here we focus on recent discoveries in bacteria, fungi, humans, and plants that highlight the shared and distinct roles of CGFS glutaredoxins and BolA proteins in Fe-S cluster biogenesis, Fe-S cluster storage and trafficking, and Fe-S cluster signaling to transcriptional factors that control iron metabolism--.

| S-EPMC7837452 | biostudies-literature

Iron-regulated assembly of the cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis machinery.

Project description:The cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly (CIA) pathway delivers Fe-S clusters to nuclear and cytosolic Fe-S proteins involved in essential cellular functions. Although the delivery process is regulated by the availability of iron and oxygen, it remains unclear how CIA components orchestrate the cluster transfer under varying cellular environments. Here, we utilized a targeted proteomics assay for monitoring CIA factors and substrates to characterize the CIA machinery. We find that nucleotide-binding protein 1 (NUBP1/NBP35), cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 3 (CIAO3/NARFL), and CIA substrates associate with nucleotide-binding protein 2 (NUBP2/CFD1), a component of the CIA scaffold complex. NUBP2 also weakly associates with the CIA targeting complex (MMS19, CIAO1, and CIAO2B) indicating the possible existence of a higher order complex. Interactions between CIAO3 and the CIA scaffold complex are strengthened upon iron supplementation or low oxygen tension, while iron chelation and reactive oxygen species weaken CIAO3 interactions with CIA components. We further demonstrate that CIAO3 mutants defective in Fe-S cluster binding fail to integrate into the higher order complexes. However, these mutants exhibit stronger associations with CIA substrates under conditions in which the association with the CIA targeting complex is reduced suggesting that CIAO3 and CIA substrates may associate in complexes independently of the CIA targeting complex. Together, our data suggest that CIA components potentially form a metabolon whose assembly is regulated by environmental cues and requires Fe-S cluster incorporation in CIAO3. These findings provide additional evidence that the CIA pathway adapts to changes in cellular environment through complex reorganization.

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Structural Basis of RICs Iron Donation for Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biogenesis.

Project description:Escherichia coli YtfE is a di-iron protein of the widespread Repair of Iron Centers proteins (RIC) family that has the capacity to donate iron, which is a crucial component of the biogenesis of the ubiquitous family of iron-sulfur proteins. In this work we identify in E. coli a previously unrecognized link between the YtfE protein and the major bacterial system for iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly. We show that YtfE establishes protein-protein interactions with the scaffold IscU, where the transient cluster is formed, and the cysteine desulfurase IscS. Moreover, we found that promotion by YtfE of the formation of an Fe-S cluster in IscU requires two glutamates, E125 and E159 in YtfE. Both glutamates form part of the entrance of a protein channel in YtfE that links the di-iron center to the surface. In particular, E125 is crucial for the exit of iron, as a single mutation to leucine closes the channel rendering YtfE inactive for the build-up of Fe-S clusters. Hence, we provide evidence for the key role of RICs as bacterial iron donor proteins involved in the biogenesis of Fe-S clusters.

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[2Fe-2S] cluster transfer in iron-sulfur protein biogenesis.

Project description:Monothiol glutaredoxins play a crucial role in iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein biogenesis. Essentially all of them can coordinate a [2Fe-2S] cluster and have been proposed to mediate the transfer of [2Fe-2S] clusters from scaffold proteins to target apo proteins, possibly by acting as cluster transfer proteins. The molecular basis of [2Fe-2S] cluster transfer from monothiol glutaredoxins to target proteins is a fundamental, but still unresolved, aspect to be defined in Fe/S protein biogenesis. In mitochondria monothiol glutaredoxin 5 (GRX5) is involved in the maturation of all cellular Fe/S proteins and participates in cellular iron regulation. Here we show that the structural plasticity of the dimeric state of the [2Fe-2S] bound form of human GRX5 (holo hGRX5) is the crucial factor that allows an efficient cluster transfer to the partner proteins human ISCA1 and ISCA2 by a specific protein-protein recognition mechanism. Holo hGRX5 works as a metallochaperone preventing the [2Fe-2S] cluster to be released in solution in the presence of physiological concentrations of glutathione and forming a transient, cluster-mediated protein-protein intermediate with two physiological protein partners receiving the [2Fe-2S] cluster. The cluster transfer mechanism defined here may extend to other mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] target proteins.

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