Observational Study of BRAF Inhibitor Combination Therapy for BRAF mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer including Biomarker Research: BEETS trial(JACCRO CC-18)
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
DISEASE(S): Colorectal Cancer
PROVIDER: 2661470 | ecrin-mdr-crc |
REPOSITORIES: ECRIN MDR
Similar Datasets
Project description:Discovery of resistance mechanisms to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in metastatic BRAF mutant melanoma by massively-parallel sequencing of tumour samples. Comparison of genomic characteristics of pretreatment ‘sensitive’ to recurrence ‘resistant’ tumours to identify the genetics of drug resistance.
| EGAS00001000551 | EGA
Project description:The discovery of activating BRAF V600E mutations in 50% of all cutaneous melanomas has revolutionized the understanding of melanoma biology and provided new strategies for the therapeutic management of this deadly disease. Highly potent small molecule inhibitors of BRAF are now showing great promise as a novel therapeutic strategy for melanomas harboring activating BRAF V600E mutations and are associated with high levels of response. This commentary article discusses the latest data on the role of mutated BRAF in the development and progression of melanoma as the basis for understanding the mechanism of action of BRAF inhibitors in the preclinical and clinical settings. We further address the issue of BRAF inhibitor resistance and outline the latest insights into the mechanisms of therapeutic escape as well as describing approaches to prevent and abrogate the onset of both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. It is likely that our evolving understanding of melanoma genetics and signaling will allow for the further personalization of melanoma therapy with the goal of improving clinical responses.
| S-EPMC4001781 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMutations of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) are commonly identified in papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and are associated with worse prognosis compared with the wild type. BRAF inhibition in papillary thyroid carcinoma cell lines and xenografts inhibits proliferation and decreases downstream phosphorylation. Our objectives were to analyze safety and efficacy of the selective BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib in patients with metastatic BRAF-mutant thyroid carcinoma.MethodsWe present the subset of patients with BRAF-mutant thyroid carcinoma enrolled in a larger phase 1 study, the main results of which are reported elsewhere.ResultsFourteen patients with BRAF(V600E)-mutant thyroid carcinoma were enrolled, of whom 13 (93%) had received prior radioactive iodine. The median duration on treatment was 8.4 months, and seven (50%) patients received treatment for ≥10 months. The most common treatment-related adverse events were skin papillomas (n=8, 57%), hyperkeratosis (n=5, 36%), and alopecia (n=4, 29%), all of which were grade 1. Treatment-related adverse events grade ≥3 included grade 4 elevated lipase and grade 3 elevated amylase, fatigue, febrile neutropenia, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (n=1 for each). Four (29%) partial responses were observed, and nine (64%) patients achieved at least 10% decrease. Only one responder progressed while on the study drug after a response duration of 9.3 months. The other three responders had not progressed, with response duration of 4.6+, 10.4+, and 21.4+ months. With seven (50%) patients showing no progression at the time of study completion, the median progression-free survival was 11.3 months.ConclusionsDabrafenib was well tolerated and resulted in durable responses in BRAF-mutant differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients.
| S-EPMC4291160 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundBRAF(V600E)-mediated MAPK pathway activation is associated in melanoma cells with IFNAR1 downregulation. IFNAR1 regulates melanoma cell sensitivity to IFNα, a cytokine used for the adjuvant treatment of melanoma. These findings and the limited therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-I prompted us to examine whether the efficacy of IFNα therapy of BRAF(V600E) melanoma can be increased by its combination with BRAF-I.MethodsBRAF/NRAS genotype, ERK activation, IFNAR1, and HLA class I expression were tested in 60 primary melanoma tumors from treatment-naive patients. The effect of BRAF-I on IFNAR1 expression was assessed in three melanoma cell lines and in four biopsies of BRAF(V600E) metastases. The antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and immunomodulatory activity of BRAF-I and IFNα combination was tested in vitro and in vivo utilizing three melanoma cell lines, HLA class I-MA peptide complex-specific T-cells and immunodeficient mice (5 per group for survival and 10 per group for tumor growth inhibition). All statistical tests were two-sided. Differences were considered statistically significant when the P value was less than .05.ResultsThe IFNAR1 level was statistically significantly (P < .001) lower in BRAF(V600E) primary melanoma tumors than in BRAF wild-type tumors. IFNAR1 downregulation was reversed by BRAF-I treatment in the three melanoma cell lines (P ≤ .02) and in three out of four metastases. The IFNAR1 level in the melanoma tumors analyzed was increased as early as 10 to 14 days following the beginning of the treatment. These changes were associated with: 1) an increased susceptibility in vitro of melanoma cells to the antiproliferative (P ≤ .04), pro-apoptotic (P ≤ .009) and immunomodulatory activity, including upregulation of HLA class I antigen APM component (P ≤ .04) and MA expression as well as recognition by cognate T-cells (P < .001), of BRAF-I and IFNα combination and 2) an increased survival (P < .001) and inhibition of tumor growth of melanoma cells (P < .001) in vivo by BRAF-I and IFNα combination.ConclusionsThe described results provide a strong rationale for the clinical trials implemented in BRAF(V600E) melanoma patients with BRAF-I and IFNα combination.
| S-EPMC4948304 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Radiation (RT) is critical to the treatment of high-grade gliomas (HGGs) but cures remain elusive. The BRAF mutation V600E is critical to the pathogenesis of 10-20% of pediatric gliomas, and a small proportion of adult HGGs. Here we aim to determine whether PLX4720, a specific BRAF V600E inhibitor, enhances the activity of RT in human HGGs in vitro and in vivo. Patient-derived HGG lines harboring wild-type BRAF or BRAF V600E were assessed in vitro to determine IC50 values, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence and elucidate mechanisms of combinatorial activity. A BRAF V600E HGG intracranial xenograft mouse model was used to evaluate in vivo combinatorial efficacy of PLX4720+RT. Tumors were harvested for immunohistochemistry to quantify cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. RT+PLX4720 exhibited greater anti-tumor effects than either monotherapy in BRAF V600E but not in BRAF WT lines. In vitro studies showed increased Annexin V and decreased S phase cells in BRAF V600E gliomas treated with PLX4720+RT, but no significant changes in β-galactosidase levels. In vivo, concurrent and sequential PLX4720+RT each significantly prolonged survival compared to monotherapies, in the BRAF V600E HGG model. Immunohistochemistry of in vivo tumors demonstrated that PLX4720+RT decreased Ki-67 and phospho-MAPK, and increased γH2AX and p21 compared to control mice. BRAF V600E inhibition enhances radiation-induced cytotoxicity in BRAF V600E-mutated HGGs, in vitro and in vivo, effects likely mediated by apoptosis and cell cycle, but not senescence. These studies provide the pre-clinical rationale for clinical trials of concurrent radiotherapy and BRAF V600E inhibitors.
| S-EPMC4907264 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Activating BRAF mutants and fusions signal as RAS-independent constitutively active dimers with the exception of BRAF V600 mutant alleles which can function as active monomers1. Current RAF inhibitors are monomer selective, they potently inhibit BRAF V600 monomers but their inhibition of RAF dimers is limited by induction of negative cooperativity when bound to one site in the dimer1-3. Moreover, acquired resistance to these drugs is usually due to molecular lesions that cause V600 mutants to dimerize4-8. We show here that PLX8394, a new RAF inhibitor9, inhibits ERK signaling by specifically disrupting BRAF-containing dimers, including BRAF homodimers and BRAF-CRAF heterodimers, but not CRAF homodimers or ARAF-containing dimers. Differences in the amino acid residues in the amino (N)-terminal portion of the kinase domain of RAF isoforms are responsible for this differential vulnerability. As a BRAF-specific dimer breaker, PLX8394 selectively inhibits ERK signaling in tumors driven by dimeric BRAF mutants, including BRAF fusions and splice variants as well as BRAF V600 monomers, but spares RAF function in normal cells in which CRAF homodimers can drive signaling. Our work suggests that drugs with these properties will be safe and useful for treating tumors driven by activating BRAF mutants or fusions.
| S-EPMC6404779 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundErdheim-Chester disease (ECD), a rare inflammatory myeloid neoplasm, is known to be fundamentally reliant on the constitutive activation of the MAPK signaling pathway in the majority of patients. Consequently, inhibition of the V600E-mutant BRAF kinase has proven to be a safe and efficacious long-term therapeutic strategy for BRAF-mutant ECD patients. Nevertheless, in a subset of patients with CNS disease, the efficacy of long-term treatment may diminish, facilitating suboptimal responses or disease progression.MethodsWe retrospectively describe 3 BRAF-mutant ECD patients whose treatment with Vemurafenib was upgraded to Vemurafenib/Cobimetinib due to either disease progression, insufficient response, or unacceptable toxicity. CNS response to therapy was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and extra-cranial disease was monitored using 18F-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT).ResultsThree patients with a mean age of 52.6 years were treated with Vemurafenib for a mean duration of 26.6 months (range: 6-52). Monotherapies were upgraded to Vemurafenib/Cobimetinib dual therapy. The combination therapy was administered for a mean duration of 21 months (range: 19-23). All patients exhibited clinical and neurological improvement. Regression of lesions on MRI was noted in 2 patients. Both patients characterized by a PET-avid disease responded to the biological treatment regimen with complete metabolic remissions.ConclusionDual inhibition of BRAF and downstream MEK may be a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for BRAF-mutant ECD patients for whom BRAF inhibitor therapy proved insufficient and as such appropriate for the long-term management of CNS disease in ECD.
| S-EPMC7212923 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Genomic analysis on RKO cells treated with PLX7904, PLX8394 and PLX4720 to reveal gene expression patterns. The goal is to investigate the potential of the novel BRAF inhibitors-paradox breakers to impede colorectal cancer cells proliferation, using human cell lines bearing the BRAFV600E mutation.
2021-01-14 | E-MTAB-9014 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:PurposeIntrinsic and acquired resistance limit the therapeutic benefits of inhibitors of oncogenic BRAF in melanoma. To identify microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with resistance to a BRAF inhibitor, we compared miRNA expression levels in three cell lines with different BRAF inhibitor sensitivity.Materials and methodsmiRNA microarray analysis was conducted to compare miRNA expression levels. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm the expression of differentially expressed miRNAs. The cellular effects of miR-1246 were further examined by MTT assay, immunoblotting analysis, cell cycle analysis, flow cytometric assay of apoptosis, and autophagy assay.ResultsThe miRNA microarray analysis and qRT-PCR identified five miRNAs (miR-3617, miR-92a-1, miR-1246, miR-193b-3p, and miR-17-3p) with expression that was consistently altered in two BRAF inhibitor-resistant cell lines. Among the five miRNAs, a miR-1246 mimic significantly reduced the antiproliferative effects of the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 in BRAF inhibitor-resistant A375P (A375P/Mdr) cells, suggesting that miR-1246 upregulation confers acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition. In particular, apoptosis was identified as a major type of cell death in miR-1246-transfected cells; however, necrosis predominated in mimic-control-transfected cells, indicating that the resistance to PLX4720 in miR-1246 mimic-transfected cells is predominantly due to a reduction in necrosis. Furthermore, we found that miR-1246 promoted G2/M arrest through autophagy as a way to escape cell death by necrosis and apoptosis in response to PLX4720. The promotion of BRAF inhibitor resistance by miR-1246 was associated with lowered levels of p-ERK.ConclusionThese results suggest that miR-1246 may be a potential therapeutic target in melanoma with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors.
| S-EPMC5654168 | biostudies-literature
Project description:No head-to-head studies exist comparing BRAF inhibitor/MEK inhibitor (BRAFi/MEKi) combination treatments for BRAF-mutant melanoma. A side-by-side analysis of randomized phase III trials is presented that evaluated dabrafenib/trametinib, vemurafenib/cobimetinib, and encorafenib/binimetinib. The baseline characteristics, efficacy, and safety were compared: COMBI-v (dabrafenib/trametinib versus vemurafenib); coBRIM (vemurafenib/cobimetinib versus vemurafenib); and COLUMBUS (encorafenib/binimetinib versus encorafenib and vemurafenib). Vemurafenib was the control arm in all studies. The data sources included literature databases, European public assessment reports, U.S. Food and Drug Administration review documents, and prescribing information. The baseline characteristics were similar, except for coBRIM, which had a higher proportion of patients with elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall response rate (ORR) were similar across the trials, although numerically higher values were observed with encorafenib/binimetinib. In contrast, the median overall survival (OS) was numerically longer with encorafenib/binimetinib (33.6 months) compared to dabrafenib/trametinib (25.6 months) and vemurafenib/cobimetinib (22.3 months). Among vemurafenib arms, PFS, ORR, and OS were similar, despite variations in the baseline LDH. Each combination displayed a unique safety profile, with higher incidences of pyrexia with dabrafenib/trametinib and photosensitivity reactions with vemurafenib/cobimetinib. This analysis of BRAFi/MEKi combinations for BRAF-mutant melanoma, while limited as not a direct head-to-head clinical trial, highlights the differences in tolerability and efficacy that may be useful for therapeutic decision making.
| S-EPMC6895913 | biostudies-literature