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ATAC-seq profiling of open chromatin in the root tips of four plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Medicago truncatula, Solanum lycopersicum, and Oryza sativa) and two Arabidopsis thaliana cell types (root hair and non-hair epidermal cells)

ABSTRACT: The transcriptional regulatory structure of plant genomes remains poorly defined relative to that of animals. It has been unclear how many cis-regulatory elements generally exist in plant genomes, where these elements lie in relation to their target promoters, and how these features are conserved across species. We employed the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) in four different plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Medicago truncatula, Solanum lycopersicum, and Oryza sativa) to delineate open chromatin regions and transcription factor (TF) binding sites across each genome. Despite a ~10-fold variation in intergenic space among species, the majority of open chromatin regions consistently lie within 3 kb upstream of a transcription start site (TSS) in all four species. Nearly 70% of genes in Arabidopsis, Medicago, and Rice have a single putative regulatory region upstream of the TSS, while a similar percentage of tomato genes have 2-5 such elements. Despite variation in the location and number of regulatory elements within orthologous gene sets, transcriptional regulatory networks appear to be largely conserved across species. Profiling of open chromatin in the Arabidopsis root hair and non-hair epidermal cell types indicated that while the open chromatin landscapes of these two cell types were largely indistinguishable on a global scale, thousands of relatively subtle, quantitative cell-specific differences could be found. Analysis of TF binding sites in these differentially accessible regions led to the discovery of a MYB-driven transcriptional regulatory module unique to the hair cell type, which appears to control both hair cell fate regulators and abiotic stress responses. Our cross-species and cross-cell type analyses revealed common transcriptional regulatory principles among species and shed light on the mechanisms that produce cell type-specific transcriptomes during development.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis thaliana Oryza sativa Solanum lycopersicum Medicago truncatula

PROVIDER: GSE101482 | GEO | 2017/07/26

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA394532

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Optimised flowering time is an important trait ensuring successful plant adaptation and crop productivity. SOC1-like genes encode MADS transcription factors known to play important roles in flowering control in many plants. This includes the best characterised eudicot model Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) where SOC1 promotes flowering and functions as a floral integrator gene integrating signals from different flowering time regulatory pathways. Medicago truncatula (Medicago) is a temperate reference legume with strong genomic and genetic resources used to study flowering pathways in legumes. Interestingly, despite responding to the similar floral-inductive cues of extended cold (vernalisation) followed by warm long days, as winter annual Arabidopsis, Medicago lacks FLC and CO which are key regulators of flowering in Arabidopsis. Unlike Arabidopsis with one SOC1 gene, multiple gene duplication events have given rise to three MtSOC1 paralogs within the Medicago genus in legumes; one Fabaceae group A SOC1 gene, MtSOC1a, and two tandemly-repeated Fabaceae group B SOC1 genes, MtSOC1b and MtSOC1c. Previously, we showed that MtSOC1a has unique functions in floral promotion in Medicago. The Mtsoc1a Tnt1 retroelement insertion single mutant showed moderately delayed flowering in long and short day photoperiods, with and without prior vernalization, compared with wild type. On the other hand, Mtsoc1b Tnt1 single mutants did not have altered flowering time or flower development, indicating that it was redundant in an otherwise wild type background. Here, we describe the generation of Mtsoc1 triple mutant plants by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Two independent Mtsoc1 homozygous triple mutants were non-flowering and bushy in floral inductive VLD. Phenotyping and gene expression analyses by RNA-seq and RT-qPCR indicate that the Mtsoc1 triple mutants remain vegetative. Thus overall, the Mtsoc1 triple mutants are dramatically different from the single Mtsoc1a mutant and the Arabidopsis soc1 mutant; implicating multiple MtSOC1 genes in critical overlapping roles in the transition to flowering in Medicago.

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ATAC-seq profiling of open chromatin in the root tips of four plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Medicago truncatula, Solanum lycopersicum, and Oryza sativa) and two Arabidopsis thaliana cell types (root hair and non-hair epidermal cells)

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