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Genome-Wide CRISPR/Cas9 Screen Identifies Host Factors Essential for Influenza Virus Replication

ABSTRACT: The emergence of influenza A viruses (IAV) from zoonotic reservoirs poses a great threat to human health. As seasonal vaccines are ineffective against zoonotic strains, and newly transmitted viruses can quickly acquire drug resistance, there remains a need for host- directed therapeutics against IAV. Here, we performed a genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen in human lung epithelial cells with a human isolate of an avian H5N1 strain. Several genes involved in sialic acid biosynthesis and related glycosylation pathways were highly enriched post-H5N1 selection, including SLC35A1, a sialic acid transporter essential for IAV receptor expression and thus viral entry. Importantly, we have identified capicua (CIC) as a negative regulator of cell intrinsic immunity, as loss of CIC resulted in heightened antiviral responses and restricted replication of multiple viruses. Therefore, our study demonstrates that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be utilized for the discovery of host factors critical for the replication of intracellular pathogens.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE111166 | GEO | 2018/02/28

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Background: Influenza A virus (IAV) is a segmented negative-stranded RNA virus that brings a potentially serious threat to public health and animal husbandry. Mast cells play an important role in both the inherent and adaptive immune response. Previous studies have indicated that mast cells support the productive replication of H1N1, H5N1, and H7N2. To date, the distinct molecular mechanism behind the pathogenesis in mast cells among the three different viruses has been poorly understood. Methods: We investigated the genomic profiles in detail and the dynamic change of genomes regulated by different subtypes of IAV in mouse mast cells using microassays in order to the distinct molecular mechanism behind the pathogenesis in mast cells among the three different viruses. Mouse mast cells (P815) were infected at a multiplicity of infection of 1 (infectious viruses/cell) and incubated for 12 hr before collection of total RNA and microarray anlaysis using the Affymetrix platforms. Any two of the three IAV-infected groups were compared to detect genomic distinct. Based on the results of microassays, the further verification was performed by real-time PCR and western blotting. Here, the mRNA levels of 5-HT, PKG and HIF-1 in P815 cells following H1N1, H5N1 and H7N2 infection were determined by real-time PCR. The protein levels of exosomes in P815 cells following H1N1, H5N1 and H7N2 infection were detected by western blotting. Results: Compared with any two of the three IAV-infected groups, much more diﬀerentially expressed genes (DEGs), cellular functions and signaling pathways were confirmd in H1N1 or H7N2 group, and H7N2 group showed the highest levels. However, few DEGs were detected as well as various cellular functions and signaling pathways were dramatically suppressed in H5N1 group. With an in-depth study on H1N1 and H7N2 group, we demonstrated the 5-HT signaling pathway and cGMP/PKG signaling pathway terms were enriched in P815 cells infected by H1N1 while HIF-1 signaling pathway terms were enriched in P815 cells infected by H7N2 virus. Furthermore, RT-qPCR results also showed significantly increased mRNA of 5-HT and PKG in H1N1-infected P815 cells as well as HIF-1 in H7N2-infected P815 cells. Besides, exosomes were highly secreted from H1N1-infected or H7N2-infected P815 cells. Conclusions: H1N1 and H7N2 viruses could result in a variety of DEGs in mast cells and activate various cellular functions and signaling pathways while H5N1 virus cause the few DEGs in mast cells as well as suppression of cellular functions and signaling pathways. Furthermore, 5-HT signaling pathway and cGMP/PKG signaling pathway were preferentially activated in P815 cells infected by H1N1 while HIF-1 signaling pathway were preferentially activated in P815 cells infected by H7N2 virus. In addition, exosomes were also preferentially secreted from H1N1-infected or H7N2-infected P815 cells that are potentially pivotal in innate immunity to fight IAV infection. The study provides novel information and insight into the distinct of molecular mechanism of H1N1, H5N1 and H7N2 viruses in mast cells from the perspective of genomic profiles.

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Genome-Wide CRISPR/Cas9 Screen Identifies Host Factors Essential for Influenza Virus Replication

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