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An essential role for Abscisic acid in the regulation of xylem fibre differentiation

ABSTRACT: The Arabidopsis hypocotyl is an excellent model for understanding radial growth in plants. Division of the cambial cells and their subsequent differentiation into xylem and phloem drives radial expansion of the hypocotyl. Following the transition to reproductive growth, a phase change occurs in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl. During this second phase, the relative rate of xylem production is dramatically increased compared to that of phloem and xylem fibres containing thick secondary cell walls also form, which results in the production of xylem tissue comparable to the wood of trees. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone known to have a major role in various plant processes, including in the response to changes in environmental conditions and in the promotion of seed dormancy. Using two different genetic backgrounds and different environmental conditions, we identified a set of core of transcriptional changes associated with the switch to the second phase of growth in the hypocotyl. ABA signalling pathways were identified as being as significantly over-represented in this set of core genes. Reverse genetic analysis demonstrated that mutants defective in ABA-biosynthesis enzymes exhibited significantly delayed fibre production without affecting the xylem:phloem ratio. The altered morphology is also reflected at the transcript level, with a reduced expression of marker genes associated with fibre formation in aba1 mutants. The application of exogenous ABA to the mutant rescued the phenotype, restoring fibre differentiation to wild-type levels. Taken together the data reveals an essential role for ABA in the regulation of fibre formation.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis thaliana

PROVIDER: GSE114782 | GEO | 2018/05/23

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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An essential role for Abscisic acid in the regulation of xylem fibre differentiation

Project description:The Arabidopsis hypocotyl is an excellent model for understanding radial growth in plants. Division of the cambial cells and their subsequent differentiation into xylem and phloem drives radial expansion of the hypocotyl. Following the transition to reproductive growth, a phase change occurs in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl. During this second phase, the relative rate of xylem production is dramatically increased compared to that of phloem and xylem fibres containing thick secondary cell walls also form, which results in the production of xylem tissue comparable to the wood of trees. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone known to have a major role in various plant processes, including in the response to changes in environmental conditions and in the promotion of seed dormancy. Using two different genetic backgrounds and different environmental conditions, we identified a set of core of transcriptional changes associated with the switch to the second phase of growth in the hypocotyl. ABA signalling pathways were identified as being as significantly over-represented in this set of core genes. Reverse genetic analysis demonstrated that mutants defective in ABA-biosynthesis enzymes exhibited significantly delayed fibre production without affecting the xylem:phloem ratio. The altered morphology is also reflected at the transcript level, with a reduced expression of marker genes associated with fibre formation in aba1 mutants. The application of exogenous ABA to the mutant rescued the phenotype, restoring fibre differentiation to wild-type levels. Taken together the data reveals an essential role for ABA in the regulation of fibre formation. We used microarrays to probe transcripome changes I Arabidopsis hypocotyls following transition from phase I to phase II

2018-05-19 | GSE114638 | GEO

Protein Expression in TW Formation

Project description:Tangential sections of 30 µm thickness were taken across the secondary phloem and developing secondary xylem, sections were then pooled to represent the tissues from specific developmental stages. Phloem (P) comprises 3 sections, the cambium (C) - 2 sections, the radial expansion zone (E) - 4 sections, the first to third xylem development zones (X1-X3) - 3 sections each, and the forth to sixth xylem development zones (X4-X6) - 6 sections each.

2017-06-23 | PXD005715 | Pride

Identification of regulators of vascular proliferation

Project description:Vascular tissue transports water and nutrients throughout the plant body and is consequently essential for growth and development. In Arabidopsis, the vascular tissue is initiated at the centre of the embryo. During embryogenesis it is found in a characteristic diarch pattern with a central file of xylem cells with an adjacent layer of procambium on either side. Phloem poles are present on the outside of the procambium layers. Following germination a series of cell divisions results in the reorganisation of the vascular tissue which transitions to a radially symmetric structure. The RNA-seq data associated with this submission captures those early events. In 7-day old seedlings, wild type hypocotyl s have begun the process of change towards radial symmetry. In pxy mutants this process is stalled, and in 35S::CLE41 lines, radial expansion occurs prematurely. In root tissue of this age there is little evidence of the transition to radial symmetry in any of the genotypes tested. The RNA-seq dataset submitted will thus provide insight into the changes required to reorganise Arabidopsis vascular tissue as it transitions from primary to secondary growth.

2020-09-01 | GSE119872 | GEO

Vascular rays mediate radial assimilate transport in tuberous roots of Manihot esculenta

Project description:Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the most important staple food crops worldwide. Its starchy tuberous roots supply over 800 million people with carbohydrates. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the processes involved in filling of those vital storage organs. A better understanding of cassava carbohydrate allocation and starch storage is key to improve storage root yield. In this work, we studied cassava morphology and phloem sap flow from source to sink using transgenic pAtSUC2::GFP plants, the phloem tracers esculin and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA), as well as several staining techniques. We show that cassava performs apoplasmic phloem loading in source leaves and symplasmic unloading into phloem parenchyma cells of tuberous roots. We demonstrate that vascular rays play an important role in radial transport from the phloem to xylem parenchyma cells in tuberous roots. Furthermore, enzymatic and proteomic measurements of storage root tissues confirmed high abundance and activity of enzymes involved in the sucrose synthase-mediated pathway and indicated that starch is stored most efficiently in the outer xylem layers of tuberous roots. Our findings represent a first basis for biotechnological approaches aimed at improved phloem loading and enhanced carbohydrate allocation and storage in order to increase tuberous root yield of cassava.

2019-07-08 | PXD014001 | Pride

The Populus Homeobox Gene ARBORKNOX2 Regulates Secondary Growth in trees

Project description:Currently little is known about the genetic mechanisms regulating the vascular cambium or the secondary growth of stems. We show here that the Populus Class I KNOX homeobox gene ARBORKNOX2 (ARK2) regulates both cell division in the cambium region and the differentiation of daughter cells in secondary xylem and phloem. ARK2 is expressed in the shoot apical meristem, and the vascular cambium region, reflecting some overlap in the regulation of these meristems. ARK2 is expressed broadly in the cambium region and in differentiating lignified cells types before becoming progressively restricted to the cambium. Populus overexpressing ARK2 present stem phenotypes with precocious cambium formation, delayed differentiation of cambium daughter cells, a wider cambium region, and ultimately less phloem fibers and secondary xylem. In contrast, Populus expressing RNAi or amicroRNA that target ARK2 transcripts present precocious differentiation of secondary phloem fibers and xylem, and ultimately more secondary xylem tissue and thicker secondary cell walls in phloem fibers and secondary xylem cells. These phenotypes in turn correlate with changes in the expression of genes affecting cell division, auxin, and cell wall synthesis and lignification that indicate that ARK2 primarily affects woody tissue development by regulation of cell differentiation. Notably, wood properties associated with secondary cell wall synthesis are negatively associated with ARK2 expression, including lignin and cellulose content. Together, our results suggest that ARK2 functions primarily by negatively regulating cell differentiation during secondary growth. We propose that ARK2 may identify a co-evolved regulatory module that influences complex wood properties relevant to ecological, industrial, and biofuels applications.

2009-10-01 | GSE15595 | GEO

A model system to study secondary growth and bast fibre development: the hemp hypocotyl peeks behind the wall

Project description:Cannabis sativa L. is an annual herbaceous crop grown for the production of long extraxylary fibers, the bast fibers, rich in cellulose and used both in the textile and biocomposite sectors. Despite being herbaceous, hemp undergoes secondary growth and this is well exemplified by the hypocotyl. The hypocotyl was already shown to be a suitable model to study secondary growth in other herbaceous species, namely Arabidopsis thaliana and it shows an important practical advantage, i.e. elongation and radial thickening are temporally separated. This study focuses on the mechanisms marking the transition from primary to secondary growth in the hemp hypocotyl by analysing the suite of events accompanying vascular tissue and bast fiber development. RNA-Seq transcriptomics, imaging and quantification of phytohormones were carried out on four representative developmental stages (i.e. 6-9-15-20 days after sowing) to provide a first comprehensive profiling of the events associated with primary and secondary growth in hemp. This multidisciplinary approach provides cell wall-related snapshots of the growing hemp hypocotyl and identifies marker genes associated with the young (expansins, β-galactosidases and transcription factors involved in light-related processes) and the older hypocotyl (secondary cell wall biosynthetic genes and transcription factors).

2016-11-18 | GSE85144 | GEO

Poplar tissue types 2

Project description:Global gene expression pattern of phloem and xylem tissue were determined using a Nimblegen microarray based on JGI v1.1 gene models. Xylem tissue from both Populus trichocarpa Nisqually-1 and Populus tremula X Populus alba hybrid were used in the study. Xylem tissue: Three biological replicates were hybridized to three arrays Phloem tissue: Two biological replicates were hybridized to two arrays

2010-08-01 | E-GEOD-21485 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Effect of blocking ABA-signaling in different tissues on transcriptomic changes induced by ABA-treatment

Project description:ABA-signaling in disitinct root tissues is important for xylem phenotypes observed both under mock and ABA-treatment. We performed RNA-sequencing on Arabidopsis plants in which ABA-signalling is specifically blocked in the endodermis (J0571), the xylem (J1721) or the procambium (Q0990) to investigate the underlying transcriptomic changes.

2021-03-23 | GSE169363 | GEO

Poplar tissue types 2

2010-08-01 | GSE21485 | GEO

The dynamic and diverse nature of parenchyma cells in the Arabidopsis root during secondary growth

Project description:During secondary growth, the vascular cambium produces conductive xylem and phloem cells, while the phellogen (cork cambium) deposits phellem (cork) as the outermost protective barrier. Although most of the secondary tissues are made up of parenchyma cells, which are also produced by both cambia, their diversity and function are poorly understood. Here we combined single-cell RNA sequencing analysis with lineage tracing to recreate developmental trajectories of the cell types in the Arabidopsis root undergoing secondary growth. By analysing 93 reporter lines, we were able to identify 20 different cell types or cell states, many of which have not been described before. We additionally observed distinct transcriptome signatures of parenchyma cells depending on their maturation state and proximity to the conductive cell types. Our data show that both xylem and phloem parenchyma tissues are required for normal formation of conductive tissue cell types. Furthermore, we show that mature phloem parenchyma gradually obtains periderm identity, and this transformation can be accelerated by jasmonate treatment or wounding. Our study thus reveals the diversity of parenchyma cells and their capacity to undergo considerable identity changes during secondary growth.

2025-01-14 | GSE270140 | GEO

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