Accelerated evolution of oligodendrocytes in human brain
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens Pan troglodytes Macaca mulatta
PROVIDER: GSE123936 | GEO | 2019/12/31
REPOSITORIES: GEO
Similar Datasets
Project description:Accelerated evolution of oligodendrocytes in human brain
| PRJNA510347 | ENA
Project description:Speciation is associated with substantial rewiring of the regulatory circuitry underlying the expression of genes. Determining which of these changes are biologically relevant and underlie the emergence of the human brain or its unique susceptibility to neural disease has been challenging. Here we annotate changes to gene regulatory elements at cell type resolution in the brains of multiple primate species spanning most of primate evolution. We identify a unique set of regulatory elements that emerged in hominins prior to the separation of humans and chimpanzees. We demonstrate that these hominin gains disproportionally affect oligodendrocyte function after postnatal development and are preferentially affected in the brains of autism spectrum disorder patients. Our data provide a roadmap of regulatory rewiring across primate evolution providing insight into the genomic changes that underlie the emergence of the brain and its susceptibility to neural disease.
2019-12-20 | GSE130871 | GEO
Project description:Oligodendrocytes are cells from the central nervous system that can be grouped into precursors, myelin-forming, and non-myelinating perineuronal. The function of perineuronal oligodendrocytes is unknown; it was suggested that they can ensheath denuded axons. We tested this hypothesis. Using cell-specific tags, microarray technology and bioinformatics tools to identify gene expression differences between these subpopulations allowed us to capture the genetic signature of perineuronal oligodendrocytes. Here we report that perineuronal oligodendrocytes are configured for a dual role. As perineuronal, they integrate a repertoire of transcripts designed to create a cell with its own physiological agenda. But they maintain a reservoir of untranslated transcripts encoding the major myelin proteins for â we speculate â a pathological eventuality. We posit that the signature molecules PDGFR-αβ, cytokine PDGF-CC, and the transcription factor Pea3 used â among others - to define the non-myelinating phenotype, may be critical for mounting a myelinating programme during demyelination. Harnessing this capability is of therapeutic value for diseases such as multiple sclerosis. This is the first molecular characterization of perineuronal oligodendrocytes. Experiment Overall Design: Flow Cytometry was used to isolate A2B5/OTMP+ oligodendrocytes from postnatal day 7 rat brain. 4 bioloical replicates were obtained. This data can be compared to the previously submitted oligodendrocyte expression data (GSE5940).
2008-06-18 | E-GEOD-11277 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Human accelerated regions (HARs) are conserved genomic loci that have experienced rapid nucleotide substitutions following the divergence from chimpanzees. HARs are enriched in candidate regulatory regions near neurodevelopmental genes, suggesting their roles in gene regulation. However, their target genes and functional contributions to human brain development remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we elucidate the cis-regulatory functions of HARs in human and chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-induced excitatory neurons. Using genomic and chromatin looping information, we prioritized 20 HARs and their chimpanzee orthologs for functional characterization via single-cell CRISPRi, and demonstrated their species-specific gene regulatory functions. Our findings reveal diverse functional outcomes of HAR-mediated cis-regulation in human neurons, including attenuated NPAS3 expression by altering the binding affinities of multiple transcription factors in HAR202 and maintaining iPSC pluripotency and neuronal differentiation capacities through the upregulation of PUM2 by 2xHAR.319. Finally, we use prime editing to demonstrate differential enhancer activity caused by several HAR26;2xHAR.178 variants. In particular, we link one variant in HAR26;2xHAR.178 to elevated SOCS2 expression and increased neurite outgrowth in human neurons. Thus, our study sheds new light on the endogenous gene regulatory functions of HARs and their potential contribution to human brain evolution.
2024-11-12 | GSE269798 | GEO
Project description:Human accelerated regions (HARs) are conserved genomic loci that have experienced rapid nucleotide substitutions following the divergence from chimpanzees. HARs are enriched in candidate regulatory regions near neurodevelopmental genes, suggesting their roles in gene regulation. However, their target genes and functional contributions to human brain development remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we elucidate the cis-regulatory functions of HARs in human and chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-induced excitatory neurons. Using genomic and chromatin looping information, we prioritized 20 HARs and their chimpanzee orthologs for functional characterization via single-cell CRISPRi, and demonstrated their species-specific gene regulatory functions. Our findings reveal diverse functional outcomes of HAR-mediated cis-regulation in human neurons, including attenuated NPAS3 expression by altering the binding affinities of multiple transcription factors in HAR202 and maintaining iPSC pluripotency and neuronal differentiation capacities through the upregulation of PUM2 by 2xHAR.319. Finally, we use prime editing to demonstrate differential enhancer activity caused by several HAR26;2xHAR.178 variants. In particular, we link one variant in HAR26;2xHAR.178 to elevated SOCS2 expression and increased neurite outgrowth in human neurons. Thus, our study sheds new light on the endogenous gene regulatory functions of HARs and their potential contribution to human brain evolution.
2024-11-12 | GSE222112 | GEO
Project description:Human accelerated regions (HARs) are conserved genomic loci that have experienced rapid nucleotide substitutions following the divergence from chimpanzees. HARs are enriched in candidate regulatory regions near neurodevelopmental genes, suggesting their roles in gene regulation. However, their target genes and functional contributions to human brain development remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we elucidate the cis-regulatory functions of HARs in human and chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-induced excitatory neurons. Using genomic and chromatin looping information, we prioritized 20 HARs and their chimpanzee orthologs for functional characterization via single-cell CRISPRi, and demonstrated their species-specific gene regulatory functions. Our findings reveal diverse functional outcomes of HAR-mediated cis-regulation in human neurons, including attenuated NPAS3 expression by altering the binding affinities of multiple transcription factors in HAR202 and maintaining iPSC pluripotency and neuronal differentiation capacities through the upregulation of PUM2 by 2xHAR.319. Finally, we use prime editing to demonstrate differential enhancer activity caused by several HAR26;2xHAR.178 variants. In particular, we link one variant in HAR26;2xHAR.178 to elevated SOCS2 expression and increased neurite outgrowth in human neurons. Thus, our study sheds new light on the endogenous gene regulatory functions of HARs and their potential contribution to human brain evolution.
2024-11-12 | GSE221830 | GEO
Project description:Human accelerated regions (HARs) are conserved genomic loci that have experienced rapid nucleotide substitutions following the divergence from chimpanzees. HARs are enriched in candidate regulatory regions near neurodevelopmental genes, suggesting their roles in gene regulation. However, their target genes and functional contributions to human brain development remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we elucidate the cis-regulatory functions of HARs in human and chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-induced excitatory neurons. Using genomic and chromatin looping information, we prioritized 20 HARs and their chimpanzee orthologs for functional characterization via single-cell CRISPRi, and demonstrated their species-specific gene regulatory functions. Our findings reveal diverse functional outcomes of HAR-mediated cis-regulation in human neurons, including attenuated NPAS3 expression by altering the binding affinities of multiple transcription factors in HAR202 and maintaining iPSC pluripotency and neuronal differentiation capacities through the upregulation of PUM2 by 2xHAR.319. Finally, we use prime editing to demonstrate differential enhancer activity caused by several HAR26;2xHAR.178 variants. In particular, we link one variant in HAR26;2xHAR.178 to elevated SOCS2 expression and increased neurite outgrowth in human neurons. Thus, our study sheds new light on the endogenous gene regulatory functions of HARs and their potential contribution to human brain evolution.
2024-11-12 | GSE221828 | GEO
Project description:Oligodendrocytes undergo extensive changes as they differentiate from progenitors into myelinating cells. To better understand the; molecular mechanisms underlying this transformation, we performed a comparative analysis using gene expression profiling of A2B5+; oligodendrocyte progenitors and O4+ oligodendrocytes. Cells were sort-purified ex vivo from postnatal rat brain using flow cytometry. Using Affymetrix microarrays, 1707 transcripts were identified with a more than twofold increase in expression inO4+oligodendrocytes. Many genes required for oligodendrocyte differentiation were upregulated in O4+ oligodendrocytes, including numerous genes encoding; myelin proteins. Transcriptional changes included genes required for cell adhesion, actin cytoskeleton regulation, and fatty acid and; cholesterol biosynthesis. At the O4+ stage, there was an increase in expression of a novel proline-rich transmembrane protein (Prmp). Localized to the plasma membrane, Prmp displays adhesive properties that may be important for linking the extracellular matrix to the; actin cytoskeleton. Together, our results highlight the usefulness of this discovery-driven experimental strategy to identify genes relevant; to oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Experiment Overall Design: Whole brain dissociates were prepared from one litter of 10 male postnatal day 7 rat pups for each of the 5 A2B5 bioligcal replicates and the 4 O4+ bioligical replicates. Total RNA was extracted from single A2B5+ and single O4+ cells sorted directly from postnatal day7 rat whole brain dissociates using flow cytometry.
2007-11-29 | E-GEOD-5940 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Human Accelerated Regions (HARs) are conserved genomic loci that evolved at an accelerated rate in the human lineage and may underlie human-specific traits. We generated HARs and chimpanzee accelerated regions with an automated pipeline and an alignment of 251 mammalian genomes. Combining deep-learning with chromatin capture experiments in human and chimpanzee neural progenitor cells, we discovered a significant enrichment of HARs in topologically associating domains (TADs) containing human-specific genomic variants that change three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. Differential gene expression between humans and chimpanzees at these loci suggests rewiring of regulatory interactions between HARs and neurodevelopmental genes. Thus, comparative genomics together with models of 3D genome folding revealed enhancer hijacking as an explanation for the rapid evolution of HARs.
2022-12-21 | GSE183137 | GEO
Project description:While multiple studies have reported the accelerated evolution of brain gene expression in the human lineage, the mechanisms underlying such change remain poorly understood. Here we address this issue from a developmental perspective, by analyzing mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression in two brain regions within macaques, chimpanzees and humans throughout their lifespan. We find that developmental profiles of trans-regulators, such as miRNA, as well as their target genes, show the fastest rates of human-specific evolutionary change. Changes in expression of a few key regulators may be a major driving force behind human brain evolution.
2011-12-09 | GSE29356 | GEO