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5hmC RNA role in mouse Embryonic stem cell differentiation to Embryonic bodies [RNA-seq]

ABSTRACT: Tet-enzyme-mediated 5-hydroxymethylation of cytosine in DNA plays a crucial role in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In RNA also, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) has recently been evidenced, but its physiological roles are still largely unknown. Here we show the contribution and function of this mark in mouse ESCs and differentiating embryoid bodies. Transcriptome-wide mapping in ESCs revealed hundreds of messenger RNAs marked by 5hmC at sites characterized by a defined unique consensus sequence and particular features. During differentiation a large number of transcripts, including many encoding key pluripotency-related factors (such as Eed and Jarid2), showed decreased cytosine hydroxymethylation. Using Tet-knockout ESCs, we found Tet enzymes to be partly responsible for deposition of 5hmC in mRNA. A transcriptome-wide search further revealed mRNA targets to which Tet1 and Tet2 bind, at sites showing a topology similar to that of 5hmC sites. Tet-mediated RNA hydroxymethylation was found to reduce the stability of crucial pluripotency-promoting transcripts. We propose that RNA cytosine 5-hydroxymethylation by Tets is a mark of transcriptome flexibility, inextricably linked to the balance between pluripotency and lineage commitment.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE131898 | GEO | 2020/07/16

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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5hmC RNA role in mouse Embryonic stem cell differentiation to Embryonic bodies [hMeRIP-seq]

Project description:Tet-enzyme-mediated 5-hydroxymethylation of cytosine in DNA plays a crucial role in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In RNA also, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) has recently been evidenced, but its physiological roles are still largely unknown. Here we show the contribution and function of this mark in mouse ESCs and differentiating embryoid bodies. Transcriptome-wide mapping in ESCs revealed hundreds of messenger RNAs marked by 5hmC at sites characterized by a defined unique consensus sequence and particular features. During differentiation a large number of transcripts, including many encoding key pluripotency-related factors (such as Eed and Jarid2), showed decreased cytosine hydroxymethylation. Using Tet-knockout ESCs, we found Tet enzymes to be partly responsible for deposition of 5hmC in mRNA. A transcriptome-wide search further revealed mRNA targets to which Tet1 and Tet2 bind, at sites showing a topology similar to that of 5hmC sites. Tet-mediated RNA hydroxymethylation was found to reduce the stability of crucial pluripotency-promoting transcripts. We propose that RNA cytosine 5-hydroxymethylation by Tets is a mark of transcriptome flexibility, inextricably linked to the balance between pluripotency and lineage commitment.

2020-07-16 | GSE131900 | GEO

5hmC RNA role in mouse Embryonic stem cell differentiation to Embryonic bodies [TetRIP-seq]

2020-07-16 | GSE131899 | GEO

Distinct and stage-specific contributions of TET1 and TET2 to stepwise cytosine oxidation in the transition from naive to primed pluripotency

Project description:Cytosine DNA bases can be methylated by DNA methyltransferases and subsequently oxidized by TET proteins. The resulting 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) are considered demethylation intermediates as well as stable epigenetic marks. To dissect the contribution of these cytosine modifying enzymes, we generated combinations of Tet knockout (KO) embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and systematically measured protein and DNA modification levels at the transition from naive to primed pluripotency. Whereas the increase of genomic 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels during exit from pluripotency correlated with an upregulation of the de novo DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B, the subsequent oxidation steps turned out to be far more complex. The strong increase of oxidized cytosine bases (5hmC, 5fC, and 5caC) was accompanied by a drop in TET2 levels, yet the analysis of KO cells suggested that TET2 is responsible for most 5fC formation. The comparison of modified cytosine and enzyme levels in Tet KO cells revealed distinct and differentiation-dependent contributions of TET1 and TET2 to 5hmC and 5fC formation arguing against a processive mechanism of 5mC oxidation. The apparent independent steps of 5hmC and 5fC formation suggest yet to be identified mechanisms regulating TET activity and may constitute another layer of epigenetic regulation.

2020-07-24 | PXD019514 | Pride

Base-resolution maps of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine reveal genome-wide DNA demethylation dynamics

Project description:5-methylcytosine (5mC), the predominant epigenetic modification on DNA, plays critical roles in mammalian development and is dysregulated in various human pathologies. In mammals, the TET family of dioxygenases can oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) in a stepwise manner. 5fC and 5caC are selectively recognized and excised by mammalian thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), and restored to normal cytosine through base excision repair (BER). Once 5mC/5hmC is converted to 5fC and/or 5caC, the modified cytosine is committed to demethylation through BER. Thus 5fC and 5caC most likely mark active demethylation in the mammalian genome. Here we introduce a genome-wide approach to obtain single-base resolution maps of 5fC and 5caC, respectively. We show that, in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), 5fC and 5caC are preferentially generated at highly hypomethylated regions and more active enhancers. Moreover, 5caC-marked regions are characterized by the lowest methylation and highest enhancer activity among all modification sites associated with 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC, and are enriched adjacent to pluripotency transcription factor (TF)-binding motifs. These observations, together with the surprising lack of overlap between 5fC and 5caC sites, highlight a gradient of Tet-mediated 5mC oxidation activity at regulatory elements in tuning epigenetic dynamics11. DNA immunoprecipitation coupled chemical-modification assisted bisulfite sequencing (DIP-CAB-Seq) for Tdg fl/fl and Tdg-/- mESCs

2015-01-20 | E-GEOD-56429 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Dazl is required for TET-mediated reprogramming to a naïve pluripotent state (II)

Project description:Embryonic stem cell (ESC) cultures display a heterogeneous gene expression profile, ranging from a pristine naïve pluripotent state to a primed epiblast state. While it is known that the addition of inhibitors of GSK3β and MEK (so-called 2i conditions) push ESC cultures towards a more homogeneous naïve pluripotent state, the molecular underpinnings of this naïve transition are not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that Dazl, a RNA-binding protein previously thought to be expressed specifically in developing primordial germ cells (PGCs), marks a subpopulation of ESCs in vitro that is actively transitioning toward naïve pluripotency. In the absence of Dazl expression, ESCs fail to induce proper expression of Tet enzymes required for 5-hydroxymethylation in 2i-culture conditions. As a result, 5-hydroxymethylation of methylated cystosine residues is impaired. Indeed, we demonstrate that Tet1 and Tet2 are mRNA targets of Dazl, indicating that Dazl might play a role in protection or stabilizing these mRNA molecules. Our results provide insight in the regulation of the acquisition of naïve pluripotency and demonstrate that Dazl is required for TET-mediated cytosine hydroxymethylation in cells that are actively reprogramming to a pluripotent ground state. RNA-IP experiments were used to identify the RNA species bound to DAZL.

2015-07-01 | E-GEOD-69356 | biostudies-arrayexpress

The Histone Deacetylase Sirt6 Controls Embryonic Stem Cell Fate Via Tet-Mediated Production of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine

Project description:How embryonic stem cells (ESC) commit to specific cell lineages and ultimately yield all cell types of a fully formed organism remains a major question. ESC differentiation is accompanied by large-scale histone and DNA modifications, but the relations between these two categories of epigenetic changes are not understood. Here we demonstrate the hierarchical interplay between the histone deacetylase, sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), which targets acetylated histone H3 at lysines 9 and 56 (H3K9ac and H3K56ac), and the Tet (Ten-eleven translocation) enzymes, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). ESCs derived from Sirt6 knocSirt6 KOut (S6Sirt6 KO) mice are skewed towards neuroectoderm development. This phenotype is associated with derepression of Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog, which in turn causes an upregulation of Tet enzymes and elevated production of 5hmC. Genome-wide analysis revealed an upregulation of neuroectoderm genes marked with 5hmC in S6Sirt6 KO ESCs, thereby implicating Tet enzymes in the neuroectoderm-skewed differentiation phenotype of S6Sirt6 KO ESCs, which is fully rescued upon knockdown of Tets. We demonstrate a new role for Sirt6 as a chromatin regulator safeguarding the balance between pluripotency and differentiation through Tet-dependent regulation of 5hmC levels.

2015-03-12 | GSE65836 | GEO

Dazl is required for TET-mediated reprogramming to a naïve pluripotent state (II)

2015-07-01 | GSE69356 | GEO

Dazl is required for TET-mediated reprogramming to a naïve pluripotent state (I)

2015-07-01 | GSE69055 | GEO

Base-resolution maps of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine reveal genome-wide DNA demethylation dynamics

2015-01-20 | GSE56429 | GEO

Dazl is required for TET-mediated reprogramming to a naïve pluripotent state (I)

Project description:Embryonic stem cell (ESC) cultures display a heterogeneous gene expression profile, ranging from a pristine naïve pluripotent state to a primed epiblast state. While it is known that the addition of inhibitors of GSK3? and MEK (so-called 2i conditions) push ESC cultures towards a more homogeneous naïve pluripotent state, the molecular underpinnings of this naïve transition are not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that Dazl, a RNA-binding protein previously thought to be expressed specifically in developing primordial germ cells (PGCs), marks a subpopulation of ESCs in vitro that is actively transitioning toward naïve pluripotency. In the absence of Dazl expression, ESCs fail to induce proper expression of Tet enzymes required for 5-hydroxymethylation in 2i-culture conditions. As a result, 5-hydroxymethylation of methylated cystosine residues is impaired. Indeed, we demonstrate that Tet1 and Tet2 are mRNA targets of Dazl, indicating that Dazl might play a role in protection or stabilizing these mRNA molecules. Our results provide insight in the regulation of the acquisition of naïve pluripotency and demonstrate that Dazl is required for TET-mediated cytosine hydroxymethylation in cells that are actively reprogramming to a pluripotent ground state. Two independent mouse ES cell lines, Dazl-GFP and Stella-GFP, were cultured on ?-irradiated feeder MEFs in DMEM containing 15% FBS or serum-free B27N2 medium both supplemented with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (Ying 2008). For the 2i experiments, 1µM MEK inhibitor PD0325901 (Axon Medchem), and 5 µM GSK3? inhibitor Kenpaullone (Tocris), were used. Cells were harvest at 0, 3 and 10 days in each condition for expression microarray analysis.

2015-07-01 | E-GEOD-69055 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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