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Indoxyl sulfate stimulates angiogenesis by regulating reactive oxygen species production via CYP1B1

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is an accumulated protein-bound uremic toxin found in patients with kidney disease. Although it is known that IS impairs the vascular endothelium, the precise underlying mechanism remains unclear. Methods: We performed RNA sequencing in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that were treated with either IS or control medium. Gene enrichment analyses were performed based on differentially expressed genes. We further examined the main enriched biological processes at the functional level. Results: We identified 1,293 genes that were affected in IS-treated HUVECs when compared to control and gene enrichment analysis indicated altered vascular formation and cell metabolism. We observed decreased viability and increased cell senescence due to IS treatment at the functional level. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IS exposure of HUVECs promoted angiogenesis as shown by the increase in total tubule length in a 3D HUVECs/pericytes co-culture assay. We also observed an increase in ROS production in IS-treated endothelial cells. Notably, the pro-angiogenic response of IS and the increased ROS production were abolished when CYP1B1, one of the main target genes that was upregulated by IS, was silenced. Conclusion: IS promotes angiogenesis and CYP1B1 is an important factor in IS-activated angiogenic response.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE132410 | GEO | 2019/09/18

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a uremic toxin and ligand of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), a transcriptional regulator. Elevated serum IS may contribute to the progression of kidney disease. Therefore, we assessed mouse podocyte damage mediated by IS. Ahr was predominantly localized to the podocyte nucleus in vivo and in vitro. In isolated glomeruli, IS-exposure for 2 – 24 h induced Cyp1a1 expression, the most sensitive biomarker of Ahr activation. Mice exposed to IS for 4–8 weeks exhibited microalbuminuria, and mild glomerular injury characterized by ischemic changes, partial podocyte foot process effacement, as well as vascular and tubulointerstitial damage. Chronically IS-exposed kidneys exhibited decreased mRNA, decreased protein levels, and altered staining patterns for podocin, synaptopodin, and non-muscle myosin IIA (Myh9). Immortalized podocytes, upon differentiation, exhibited Ahr nuclear translocation beginning 30 min after 1 mM IS-exposure. At 2 h, there was a dose-dependent decrease in podocyte mRNA expression of WT1, Podxl, Snypo, Myh9, Actn4, and Cd2ap. After 24 h of exposure to IS, podocytes were smaller, had fewer actin/Myh9 fibers, and decreased viability. Ahr-RNAi decreased mRNA expression of podocyte-specific proteins and inhibited Cyp1a1 induction by IS-exposure. Combinations of Ahr-RNAi and IS-exposure further decreased Myh9 expression. In immortalized human podocytes, IS treatment caused cell injury, decreased mRNA expression of podocyte-specific proteins, integrins, collagens, cytoskeletal proteins, and bone morphogenetic proteins, and increased cytokine and chemokine expression. Thus, chronic IS-exposure causes glomerular damage by activating Ahr, altering podocyte function, differentiation, and morphology, and inducing a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Podocyte cells treated with Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin and aryl-hydrocarbon receptor ligand, mediates progressive glomerular disease by damaging podocytes Human podocyte cell line treated with or without 3-Indoxyl sulfate (1mM/0.1%DMSO) in three replications

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Indoxyl sulfate stimulates angiogenesis by regulating reactive oxygen species production via CYP1B1

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