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Cohesin-dependent and independent mechanisms support chromosomal contacts between promoters and enhancers (PCHiC)

ABSTRACT: It is currently assumed that 3D chromosomal organisation plays a central role in transcriptional control. However, recent evidence shows that steady-state transcription of only a minority of genes is affected by depletion of architectural proteins such as cohesin and CTCF. Here, we have used Capture Hi-C to interrogate the dynamics of chromosomal contacts of all human gene promoters upon rapid architectural protein degradation. We show that promoter contacts lost in these conditions tend to be long-range, with at least one interaction partner localising in the vicinity of topologically associated domain (TAD) boundaries. In contrast, many shorter-range chromosomal contacts, particularly those that connect active promoters with each other and with active enhancers remain unaffected by cohesin and CTCF depletion. We demonstrate that the effects of cohesin depletion on nascent transcription can be explained by changes in the connectivity of their enhancers. Jointly, these results provide a mechanistic explanation to the limited, but consistent effects of cohesin and CTCF on steady-state transcription and point towards the existence of alternative enhancer-promoter pairing mechanisms that are independent of these proteins.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE145735 | GEO | 2020/07/13

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Cohesin-dependent and independent mechanisms support chromosomal contacts between promoters and enhancers (SLAM-Seq)

Project description:It is currently assumed that 3D chromosomal organisation plays a central role in transcriptional control. However, recent evidence shows that steady-state transcription of only a minority of genes is affected by depletion of architectural proteins such as cohesin and CTCF. Here, we have used Capture Hi-C to interrogate the dynamics of chromosomal contacts of all human gene promoters upon rapid architectural protein degradation. We show that promoter contacts lost in these conditions tend to be long-range, with at least one interaction partner localising in the vicinity of topologically associated domain (TAD) boundaries. In contrast, many shorter-range chromosomal contacts, particularly those that connect active promoters with each other and with active enhancers remain unaffected by cohesin and CTCF depletion. We demonstrate that the effects of cohesin depletion on nascent transcription can be explained by changes in the connectivity of their enhancers. Jointly, these results provide a mechanistic explanation to the limited, but consistent effects of cohesin and CTCF on steady-state transcription and point towards the existence of alternative enhancer-promoter pairing mechanisms that are independent of these proteins.

2020-07-13 | GSE145734 | GEO

Cohesin is a key determinant of interphase chromosome domain architecture (HiC)

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Cohesin is a key determinant of interphase chromosome domain architecture (ChIP-seq)

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Cohesin-based chromatin interactions enable regulated gene expression within pre-existing architectural compartments.

Project description:Chromosome conformation capture approaches have shown that interphase chromatin is organized into an architectural framework of Mb-sized compartments and sub-Mb-sized topological domains. Cohesin controls chromosome topology to facilitate DNA repair and chromosome segregation in cycling cells, and also associates with active enhancers and promoters and with CTCF to form long-range interactions important for gene regulation. We find that architectural compartments - a major feature of interphase chromatin organization – are maintained in non-cycling mouse thymocytes after genetic depletion of cohesin in vivo. Cohesin was however required for specific long-range interactions within permissive (A-type) compartments, where cohesin-regulated genes reside. Cohesin depletion diminished interactions between cohesin-bound sites, while alternative interactions between chromatin features associated with transcriptional activation and repression became more prominent, with corresponding changes in gene expression. Our findings indicate that cohesin-mediated long-range interactions facilitate discrete gene expression states within pre-existing chromosomal compartments.

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Project description:Recent studies of genome-wide chromatin interactions have revealed that the human genome is partitioned into many self-associating topological domains. The boundary sequences are enriched for binding sites of CTCF and the cohesin complex, implicating these two factors in the establishment or maintenance of topological domains. To determine the role of cohesin and CTCF in higher order chromatin architecture in human cells, we proteolytically cleaved the cohesin complex from interphase chromatin and examined changes in chromosomal organization as well as transcriptome. We observed a general loss of local chromosomal interactions upon disruption of cohesin complex, but the topological domains remain intact. However, we found that depletion of CTCF by RNA interference in these cells not only reduced intra-domain interactions but also increased inter-domain interactions. Further more, distinct groups of genes become mis-regulated upon depletion of cohesin and CTCF. Taken together, these observations suggest that CTCF and cohesin contribute in different ways to chromatin organization and gene regulation. Hi-C and mRNA-seq experiments in Cohesin and CTCF depleted HEK293 cells

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