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Proliferation and neural stem cell potential of diencephalic astrocytes revealed by genome-wide expression is SMAd4 dependent – RNAseq

ABSTRACT: Neural stem cells (NSCs) have astroglial hallmarks, while astrocytes in the intact adult mammalian brain parenchyma are thought to be postmitotic and lack NSC hallmarks that are activated only after injury. Analysis of genome-wide expression at population and single cell level in astrocytes from the diencephalon (DIE) and the cerebral cortex Grey grey Matter matter (CTX GM) revealed cell cycle associated gene expression, that we verified in situ by PCNA immunostaining and incorporation of the thymidine analog EdU. Strikingly, clonal analysis using GLASTCreERT2/confetti mice showed that only diencephalic astrocytes give rise to daughter cells in multi-cellular clones. In addition, subsets of astrocytes only from the diencephalon form multipotent, self-renewing neurospheres in vitro. Given the differential expression levels of genes related to Smad mediated transcriptional regulation between CTX GM and DIE astrocytes, we deleted the common mediator Smad4 in adult astrocytes. This abrogates proliferation of diencephalic astrocytes in vivo and their neurosphere formation in vitro. This work therefore identified a novel astrocyte subtype with NSC hallmarks in the diencephalon and implicates ongoing astrocytogenesis as a region-specific hallmark in the adult brain.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE149112 | GEO | 2021/09/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Increasing evidence indicates heterogeneity in functional and molecular properties of oligodendrocyte lineage cells both during development and under pathologic conditions. In multiple sclerosis, remyelination of grey matter lesions exceeds that in white matter. Here we used cells derived from grey matter versus white matter regions of surgically resected human brain tissue samples, to compare the capacities of human A2B5-positive progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes to ensheath synthetic nanofibers, and relate differences to the molecular profiles of these cells. For both cell types, the percentage of ensheathing cells was greater for grey matter versus white matter cells. For both grey matter and white matter samples, the percentage of cells ensheathing nanofibers was greater for A2B5-positive cells versus mature oligodendrocytes. Grey matter A2B5-positive cells were more susceptible than white matter A2B5-positive cells to injury induced by metabolic insults. Bulk RNA sequencing indicated that separation by cell type (A2B5-positive vs mature oligodendrocytes) is more significant than by region but segregation for each cell type by region is apparent. Molecular features of grey matter versus white matter derived A2B5-positive and mature oligodendrocytes were lower expression of mature oligodendrocyte genes and increased expression of early oligodendrocyte lineage genes. Genes and pathways with increased expression in grey matter derived cells with relevance for myelination included those related to responses to external environment, cell-cell communication, cell migration, and cell adhesion. Immune and cell death related genes were up-regulated in grey matter derived cells. We observed a significant number of up-regulated genes shared between the stress/injury and myelination processes, providing a basis for these features. In contrast to oligodendrocyte lineage cells, no functional or molecular heterogeneity was detected in microglia maintained in vitro, likely reflecting the plasticity of these cells ex vivo. The combined functional and molecular data indicate that grey matter human oligodendrocytes have increased intrinsic capacity to myelinate but also increased injury susceptibility, in part reflecting their being at a stage earlier in the oligodendrocyte lineage.

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Proliferation and neural stem cell potential of diencephalic astrocytes revealed by genome-wide expression is SMAd4 dependent – RNAseq

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