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Dynamic imaging of nascent RNA reveals general principles of transcription dynamics and pervasive recursive splicing [Lariat seq]

ABSTRACT: The coupled activities of RNA polymerase and the spliceosome are responsible for the abundance and isoform composition of mRNA in human cells. However, the dynamics of these megadalton enzymatic complexes working in concert on endogenous genes have not been described. Here, we establish a quasi-genome-scale platform for observing synthesis and processing kinetics of single nascent RNA molecules in real time. We find that all observed genes show transcriptional bursting. We also observe large kinetic variation in intron removal for single introns in single cells which is inconsistent with deterministic splice site selection. Transcriptome-wide footprinting of the U2AF complex further reveals widespread splice site selection within introns. We propose and validate a unified theoretical model for transcription and splicing based on pervasive stochastic recursive splicing.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE178181 | GEO | 2021/06/15

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Dynamic imaging of nascent RNA reveals general principles of transcription dynamics and pervasive recursive splicing

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Profiling lariat intermediates reveals genetic determinants of early and late co-transcriptional splicing

Project description:Long introns with short exons in vertebrate genes are thought to require spliceosome assembly across exons (exon definition), rather than introns, thereby requiring transcription of an exon to splice an upstream intron. Here, we developed CoLa-seq (co-transcriptional lariat sequencing) to investigate the timing and determinants of co-transcriptional splicing genome wide. Unexpectedly, 90% of all introns, including long introns, can splice before transcription of a downstream exon, indicating that exon definition is not obligatory for most human introns. Still, splicing timing varies dramatically across introns, and various genetic elements determine this variation. Strong U2AF2 binding to the polypyrimidine tract predicts early splicing, explaining exon definition-independent splicing. Together, our findings question the essentiality of exon definition and reveal features beyond intron and exon length that are determinative for splicing timing.

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