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DNA methylation programming and reprogramming in primate embryonic stem cells

ABSTRACT: DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism, affecting normal development and playing a key role in reprogramming epigenomes during stem cell derivation. Here we report on DNA methylation patterns in native monkey embryonic stem (ES) cells, fibroblasts and ES cells generated through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), identifying and comparing epigenome programming and reprogramming. We characterize hundreds of regions that are hyper- or hypo- methylated in fibroblasts compared to native ES cells and show that these are conserved in human cells and tissues. Remarkably, the vast majority of these regions are reprogrammed in SCNT ES cells, leading to almost perfect correlation between the epigenomic profiles of the native and reprogrammed lines. At least 58% of these changes are correlated in cis to transcription changes, Polycomb Repressive Complex-2 occupancy, or binding by the CTCF insulator. We also show that while epigenomic reprogramming is extensive and globally accurate, the efficiency of adding and stripping DNA methylation during reprogramming is regionally variable. In several cases, this variability results in regions that remain methylated in a fibroblast-like pattern even after reprogramming.

ORGANISM(S): Macaca mulatta

PROVIDER: GSE17981 | GEO | 2009/09/10

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA120013

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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DNA methylation programming and reprogramming in primate embryonic stem cells

Project description:DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism, affecting normal development and playing a key role in reprogramming epigenomes during stem cell derivation. Here we report on DNA methylation patterns in native monkey embryonic stem (ES) cells, fibroblasts and ES cells generated through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), identifying and comparing epigenome programming and reprogramming. We characterize hundreds of regions that are hyper- or hypo- methylated in fibroblasts compared to native ES cells and show that these are conserved in human cells and tissues. Remarkably, the vast majority of these regions are reprogrammed in SCNT ES cells, leading to almost perfect correlation between the epigenomic profiles of the native and reprogrammed lines. At least 58% of these changes are correlated in cis to transcription changes, Polycomb Repressive Complex-2 occupancy, or binding by the CTCF insulator. We also show that while epigenomic reprogramming is extensive and globally accurate, the efficiency of adding and stripping DNA methylation during reprogramming is regionally variable. In several cases, this variability results in regions that remain methylated in a fibroblast-like pattern even after reprogramming. DNA methylation profiles in rhesus monkey native ES cells (ORMES-22), fibroblasts, and ES cells generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer (CRES-2), as well as a distinctly different native ES line (the homozygous parthenote ORMES-9) to control for ES line specific effects were identified via hybridization to a custom array including a set of human ESC bivalent domains combined with additional methylation related domains and control regions.

2009-09-10 | E-GEOD-17981 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Mammalian somatic cells can be directly reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by introducing defined sets of transcription factors. Somatic cell reprogramming involves epigenomic reconfiguration, conferring iPSCs with characteristics similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells. Human ES cells contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), which is generated though the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) by the TET family of enzymes. Here we show that 5hmC level increases significantly during reprogramming due to the activation of TET1. During this process, dynamic genome-wide 5hmC modification occurs across the genome with more modifications at telomere-proximal regions. Compared with hES cells, we found iPS cells tend to form large-scale (100kb-1.3Mb) aberrant reprogramming hotspots in subtelomeric regions, most of which display incomplete hydroxymethylation. Strikingly, these 5hmC aberrant hotspots largely coincide (>80%) with previously reported aberrant non-CG methylation regions. Our results suggest that 5hmC modification could play important roles during reprogramming to pluripotency, and contribute to the differences between iPSCs and hESCs. we generated comprehensive genome-wide profiles of 5hmC in somatic cells, iPS cell lines derived from a variety of origins, and multiple hES cell lines.

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Project description:Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) enables the genome of a differentiated somatic cell to be reprogrammed to totipotency. However, this process is extremely inefficient, and the underlying mechanism of the epigenetic rearrangements following SCNT remains largely unknown. Here, we generated a genome-wide DNA methylome of mouse SCNT preimplantation embryos. Surprisingly, we identified widespread re-methylated regions (rDMRs) in 2- to 4-cell stage cloned embryos, which caused mis-expression of genes and retrotransposons important for zygotic genome activation and embryo development. Knocking-down DNA methyltransferases can specifically rescue the re-methylation defects of SCNT embryos and evidently improve the poor developmental capacity of cloned embryos. In addition, inactivation of DNA methyltransferases combined with overexpression of histone demethylases led to a more significant reduction in DNA methylation as well as exhibited a synergistic enhancement effect on the full-term development of nuclear transfer embryos. Our study therefore reveals that aberrant re-methylation functions as an unavoidable barrier for SCNT embryo development, and that the removal of multiple epigenetic barriers would be a promising approach to achieve the highest cloning efficiency.

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2012-08-31 | E-GEOD-36252 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Embryogenesis is tightly regulated by multiple levels of epigenetic systems such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling. DNA methylation patterns are erased in primordial germ cells and in the interval immediately following fertilization. Subsequent reprogramming occurs by de novo methylation and demethylation. Variance of DNA methylation patterns between different cell types is not well understood. Here, using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and tiling array technology, we have comprehensively analysed DNA methylation patterns at proximal promoter regions in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, ES cell-derived early germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm) and four adult tissues (brain, liver, skeletal muscle and sperm). Most of the methylated regions in the three germ layers and in the three adult somatic tissues are shared in common. This commonly methylated gene set is enriched in germ cell associated genes that are generally transcriptionally inactive in somatic cells. We also compared DNA methylation patterns with global mapping of histone H3 lysine 4/27 trimethylation, and found that gain of DNA methylation correlates with loss of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation. Taken together, our findings indicate that differentiation from ES cells to the three germ layers is accompanied by an increase in the number of commonly methylated DNA regions and that these tissue-specific alterations are present for only a small number of genes. Our findings indicate that DNA methylation at the proximal promoter regions of commonly methylated genes act as an irreversible mark which fixes somatic lineage by repressing transcription of germ cell specific genes. Expression profiling of SK7 ES cells, SK7 derived-Ectoderm, - Endoderm, and -Paraxial mesoderm, and brain, liver, skeletal muscle tissues from ICR mouse.

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