UnAIDed Class-Switching in activated B-cells reveals intrinsic features of a self-cleaving IgH locus
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE183034 | GEO | 2021/10/26
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) is initiated by the transcription-coupled recruitment of activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to switch regions and by the subsequent generation and resolution of dsDNA breaks (DSBs). During, CSR the IgH locus undergoes dynamic three-dimensional structural changes in which promoters, enhancers and switch regions are brought to close proximity. Nevertheless, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here we show that during CSR, AID associates with subunits of cohesin, a complex previously implicated in DNA repair and in the formation of DNA loops between enhancers and promoters. By ChIP-Seq experiments, we find that Cohesin is dynamically recruited to the IgH locus during CSR and that knockdown of Cohesin or its regulatory subunits results in impaired CSR and abnormal DSB resolution. Our results are consistent with a model in which Cohesin controls the formation of long-range DNA loops at the IgH locus and the resolution of DSBs generated during CSR. Smc1, Smc3 and CTCF were immunoprecipitated from resting or in vitro activated B cells.
2013-10-11 | E-GEOD-43594 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:H3K4me3 plays a critical role in the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-induced DNA cleavage of switch (S) regions in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus during class-switch recombination (CSR). The histone chaperone complex facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) is responsible for forming H3K4me3 at AID target loci. Histone chaperone suppressor of Ty6 (Spt6) also participates in regulating H3K4me3 for CSR and for somatic hypermutation (SHM) in AID target loci. H3K4me3 loss was correlated with defects in AID-induced DNA breakage and reduced mutation frequencies in IgH loci, in both S and variable regions, and in non-IgH loci, such as metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) and small nucleolar RNA host gene 3 (SNHG3). Global gene expression analysis revealed that Spt6 can act as both a positive and negative transcriptional regulator in B cells, affecting approximately 5% of the genes that includes suppressor of Ty4 (Spt4) and AID. Interestingly, Spt6 regulates CSR and AID expression through two distinct histone modification pathways, H3K4me3 and H3K36me3, respectively. Spt6 is a unique histone chaperone, capable of regulating the histone epigenetic state of both AID targets and the AID locus. CH12F3-2A cells were transfected with control and Spt6 siRNAs; 24h later, cells were stimulated with CIT to induce CSR. Total RNA was extracted from control and Spt6 siRNA treated cells for mRNA expression profiling.
2013-02-01 | E-GEOD-35334 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) is initiated by the transcription-coupled recruitment of activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to switch regions and by the subsequent generation and resolution of dsDNA breaks (DSBs). During, CSR the IgH locus undergoes dynamic three-dimensional structural changes in which promoters, enhancers and switch regions are brought to close proximity. Nevertheless, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here we show that during CSR, AID associates with subunits of cohesin, a complex previously implicated in DNA repair and in the formation of DNA loops between enhancers and promoters. By ChIP-Seq experiments, we find that Cohesin is dynamically recruited to the IgH locus during CSR and that knockdown of Cohesin or its regulatory subunits results in impaired CSR and abnormal DSB resolution. Our results are consistent with a model in which Cohesin controls the formation of long-range DNA loops at the IgH locus and the resolution of DSBs generated during CSR.
2013-10-11 | GSE43594 | GEO
Project description:H3K4me3 plays a critical role in the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-induced DNA cleavage of switch (S) regions in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus during class-switch recombination (CSR). The histone chaperone complex facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) is responsible for forming H3K4me3 at AID target loci. Histone chaperone suppressor of Ty6 (Spt6) also participates in regulating H3K4me3 for CSR and for somatic hypermutation (SHM) in AID target loci. H3K4me3 loss was correlated with defects in AID-induced DNA breakage and reduced mutation frequencies in IgH loci, in both S and variable regions, and in non-IgH loci, such as metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) and small nucleolar RNA host gene 3 (SNHG3). Global gene expression analysis revealed that Spt6 can act as both a positive and negative transcriptional regulator in B cells, affecting approximately 5% of the genes that includes suppressor of Ty4 (Spt4) and AID. Interestingly, Spt6 regulates CSR and AID expression through two distinct histone modification pathways, H3K4me3 and H3K36me3, respectively. Spt6 is a unique histone chaperone, capable of regulating the histone epigenetic state of both AID targets and the AID locus.
2013-02-01 | GSE35334 | GEO
Project description:Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required for both somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) in activated B cells. AID is also known to target non-immunoglobulin genes and introduce mutations or chromosomal translocations, eventually causing tumors. To identify as-yet-unknown AID targets, we screened early AID-induced DNA breaks using two independent genome-wide approaches. Along with known AID targets, this screen identified a set of novel genes (SNHG3, MALAT1, BCL7A, and CUX1), and confirmed that these new loci accumulated mutations as high as Ig locus after AID activation. Moreover, these genes share three important characteristics with the immunoglobulin gene: translocations in tumors, repetitive sequences and the epigenetic modification of chromatin by H3K4 trimethylation in the vicinity of cleavage sites.
2012-02-01 | GSE32027 | GEO
Project description:In a B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH), a developmentally assembled V(D)J exon encoding an antibody variable region lies upstream of exons encoding a constant region (C), allowing generation of IgH chain transcripts and IgM-class antibodies1. Mouse IgH class switch recombination (CSR) replaces Cwith one of 6 sets of constant region exons (CHs) that lie 100-200kb downstream1. Each CH is flanked upstream by a promoter, non-coding I-exon, and long repetitive switch (S) region1,2. Cytokines/activators induce specific I-promoter transcription and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)2,3. AID is transcriptionally-targeted to initiate DNA breaks in S and activated downstream acceptor S regions, which are joined in deletional orientation to complete CSR4,5. 3’IgH regulatory region (3’IgHRR) enhancers control upstream I promoters and, thereby, CSR via linear competition involving I promoter/3’IgHRR interactions6-11. Here, we report that synapsis of regulatory elements, S regions and DSBs for CSR is achieved by chromatin loop extrusion. In naive B cells, 3’IgHRR enhancers and adjacent 3’IgH CTCF-binding elements (CBEs) interact via loop extrusion with the upstream Igh intronic enhancer (iE)/S locale to generate dynamic 200kb 3’Igh basal loop. In CSR-activated B cells, induced transcription from I-promoters within this basal loop generates dynamic sub-loops that directionally align S and target S regions near the 3’IgHRR for CSR. In CH12F3 B lymphoma cells, inactivation of the constitutively active I-promoter abrogates looping and CSR to S, while activating transcription, looping, and CSR to upstream S regions. CBEs inserted upstream of I in convergent orientation with 3’IgH CBEs generate sub-loops that activate inversional S CSR. In I-promoter-deleted CH12F3 cells, this ectopic CBE-based sub-loop inactivates upstream S region CSR, while transcriptionally activating non-S region sequences adjacent to the inserted CBEs for S synapsis and CSR. Together, our findings implicate chromatin loop extrusion in the “unprecedented mechanism”5 by which Igh organization in cis promotes orientation-specific CSR DSB joining.
2019-09-25 | GSE130265 | GEO
Project description:In a B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH), a developmentally assembled V(D)J exon encoding an antibody variable region lies upstream of exons encoding a m constant region (Cm), allowing generation of mIgH chain transcripts and IgM-class antibodies1. Mouse IgH class switch recombination (CSR) replaces Cmwith one of 6 sets of constant region exons (CHs) that lie 100-200kb downstream1. Each CH is flanked upstream by a promoter, non-coding I-exon, and long repetitive switch (S) region1,2. Cytokines/activators induce specific I-promoter transcription and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)2,3. AID is transcriptionally-targeted to initiate DNA breaks in Sm and activated downstream acceptor S regions, which are joined in deletional orientation to complete CSR4,5. 3’IgH regulatory region (3’IgHRR) enhancers control upstream I promoters and, thereby, CSR via linear competition involving I promoter/3’IgHRR interactions6-11. Here, we report that synapsis of regulatory elements, S regions and DSBs for CSR is achieved by chromatin loop extrusion. In naive B cells, 3’IgHRR enhancers and adjacent 3’IgH CTCF-binding elements (CBEs) interact via loop extrusion with the upstream Igh intronic enhancer (iEm)/Sm locale to generate dynamic 200kb 3’Igh basal loop. In CSR-activated B cells, induced transcription from I-promoters within this basal loop generates dynamic sub-loops that directionally align Sm and target S regions near the 3’IgHRR for CSR. In CH12F3 B lymphoma cells, inactivation of the constitutively active Ia-promoter abrogates looping and CSR to Sa, while activating transcription, looping, and CSR to upstream S regions. CBEs inserted upstream of Ia in convergent orientation with 3’IgH CBEs generate sub-loops that activate inversional Sa CSR. In I-promoter-deleted CH12F3 cells, this ectopic CBE-based sub-loop inactivates upstream S region CSR, while transcriptionally activating non-S region sequences adjacent to the inserted CBEs for S synapsis and CSR. Together, our findings implicate chromatin loop extrusion in the “unprecedented mechanism”5 by which Igh organization in cis promotes orientation-specific CSR DSB joining.
2019-09-25 | GSE130266 | GEO
Project description:In a B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH), a developmentally assembled V(D)J exon encoding an antibody variable region lies upstream of exons encoding a constant region (C), allowing generation of IgH chain transcripts and IgM-class antibodies1. Mouse IgH class switch recombination (CSR) replaces Cwith one of 6 sets of constant region exons (CHs) that lie 100-200kb downstream1. Each CH is flanked upstream by a promoter, non-coding I-exon, and long repetitive switch (S) region1,2. Cytokines/activators induce specific I-promoter transcription and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)2,3. AID is transcriptionally-targeted to initiate DNA breaks in S and activated downstream acceptor S regions, which are joined in deletional orientation to complete CSR4,5. 3’IgH regulatory region (3’IgHRR) enhancers control upstream I promoters and, thereby, CSR via linear competition involving I promoter/3’IgHRR interactions6-11. Here, we report that synapsis of regulatory elements, S regions and DSBs for CSR is achieved by chromatin loop extrusion. In naive B cells, 3’IgHRR enhancers and adjacent 3’IgH CTCF-binding elements (CBEs) interact via loop extrusion with the upstream Igh intronic enhancer (iE)/S locale to generate dynamic 200kb 3’Igh basal loop. In CSR-activated B cells, induced transcription from I-promoters within this basal loop generates dynamic sub-loops that directionally align S and target S regions near the 3’IgHRR for CSR. In CH12F3 B lymphoma cells, inactivation of the constitutively active I-promoter abrogates looping and CSR to S, while activating transcription, looping, and CSR to upstream S regions. CBEs inserted upstream of I in convergent orientation with 3’IgH CBEs generate sub-loops that activate inversional S CSR. In I-promoter-deleted CH12F3 cells, this ectopic CBE-based sub-loop inactivates upstream S region CSR, while transcriptionally activating non-S region sequences adjacent to the inserted CBEs for S synapsis and CSR. Together, our findings implicate chromatin loop extrusion in the “unprecedented mechanism”5 by which Igh organization in cis promotes orientation-specific CSR DSB joining.
2019-09-25 | GSE130264 | GEO
Project description:In a B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH), a developmentally assembled V(D)J exon encoding an antibody variable region lies upstream of exons encoding a m constant region (Cm), allowing generation of mIgH chain transcripts and IgM-class antibodies1. Mouse IgH class switch recombination (CSR) replaces Cmwith one of 6 sets of constant region exons (CHs) that lie 100-200kb downstream1. Each CH is flanked upstream by a promoter, non-coding I-exon, and long repetitive switch (S) region1,2. Cytokines/activators induce specific I-promoter transcription and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)2,3. AID is transcriptionally-targeted to initiate DNA breaks in Sm and activated downstream acceptor S regions, which are joined in deletional orientation to complete CSR4,5. 3’IgH regulatory region (3’IgHRR) enhancers control upstream I promoters and, thereby, CSR via linear competition involving I promoter/3’IgHRR interactions6-11. Here, we report that synapsis of regulatory elements, S regions and DSBs for CSR is achieved by chromatin loop extrusion. In naive B cells, 3’IgHRR enhancers and adjacent 3’IgH CTCF-binding elements (CBEs) interact via loop extrusion with the upstream Igh intronic enhancer (iEm)/Sm locale to generate dynamic 200kb 3’Igh basal loop. In CSR-activated B cells, induced transcription from I-promoters within this basal loop generates dynamic sub-loops that directionally align Sm and target S regions near the 3’IgHRR for CSR. In CH12F3 B lymphoma cells, inactivation of the constitutively active Ia-promoter abrogates looping and CSR to Sa, while activating transcription, looping, and CSR to upstream S regions. CBEs inserted upstream of Ia in convergent orientation with 3’IgH CBEs generate sub-loops that activate inversional Sa CSR. In I-promoter-deleted CH12F3 cells, this ectopic CBE-based sub-loop inactivates upstream S region CSR, while transcriptionally activating non-S region sequences adjacent to the inserted CBEs for S synapsis and CSR. Together, our findings implicate chromatin loop extrusion in the “unprecedented mechanism”5 by which Igh organization in cis promotes orientation-specific CSR DSB joining.
2019-09-25 | GSE130263 | GEO
Project description:After immunization or infection, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates diversification of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes in B cells, introducing mutations within the antigen binding V regions (somatic hypermutation, SHM) and double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) into switch (S) regions, leading to antibody class switch recombination (CSR). Using a candidate approach, AID has been shown to initiate mutations at numerous non-Ig genes in B cells in Peyer’s patches. However, it is not known if during B cell activation, AID also induces DNA breaks at genes other than IgH genes, which would lead to genomic instability and malignancy. Using a non-biased genome-wide approach, we have identified hundreds of reproducible AID-dependent DSBs in mouse splenic B cells shortly after induction of CSR in culture. Most interestingly, AID induces DSBs at sites syntenic with sites of translocations, deletions, and amplifications found in human B cell lymphomas, including within the oncogene B cell lymphoma11a (bcl11a)/evi9. The AID-dependent DSBs are not restricted to transcribed regions, and they frequently occur within repeated sequence elements, including CA and non-CA repeats, and SINEs. Comparison of Nbs1 binding sites in wild-type vs. aid-/- splenic B cells induced to undergo CSR; aid-dependent Nbs1 sites correlated with gene transcription (RNA Pol2).
2011-01-21 | E-GEOD-24827 | biostudies-arrayexpress