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Plants grow in lunar regolith

ABSTRACT: The extent to which plants can enhance human life support on other worlds depends on the ability of plants to thrive in extraterrestrial environments using in situ resources. Using samples from Apollo 11, 12 and 17, we show that the terrestrial plant Arabidopsis thaliana germinates and grows in diverse lunar regoliths. However, our results show that growth is challenging; the lunar regolith plants were slow to develop, expressed genes indicative of ionic stresses, and many showed severe stress morphologies. Therefore, although in situ lunar regolith can be useful for plant production in lunar habitats, they are not benign substrates. The interaction between plants and lunar regolith will need to be further elucidated, and likely mitigated, to enable efficient use of lunar regolith for life support.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis thaliana

PROVIDER: GSE188852 | GEO | 2022/05/16

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:The plant response may be triggered by various factors, including pathogens, non-pathogenic microbes, and natural or synthetic molecules, such as salicylic acid (SA), benzo(1,2,3)-Thiadiazole-7-Carbothioic Acid S-Methyl Ester (BTH) that are considered as plant resistance inducers. Resistance inducers mobilize the plant for the synthesis of defense compounds, but they are not directly toxic for the plant. The BTH is an analogue of SA, a molecule naturally synthesized in the plant during systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In this study, we hypothesized that challenging the plant with resistance inducer causes an increase in the level of proteins associated with defence response to external stimuli with primary metabolism and that the action of the choline derivative of the BTH (in the form of the ionic liquid) during induction of resistance in tomato plants is mediated by to some extent similar signaling pathways as it is in the case of unmodified BTH compound. Therefore, this study aimed to identify global proteome changes occurring in tomato plants exposed to resistance inducers as well as to identify common pathways associated with the plant's defense response to (+)ssRNA viruses induced upon both, viral infection and prior resistance inducer treatment. The effect of ionic liquids on changes in plant proteome is not described in the literature. The ionic character of compounds offers a great advantage of using them as the plant resistance inducer. The high chemical and thermal stability, as well as low volatility, guarantees safe application in fields. For that reason, comparing the action of the resistance inducer in the form of an ionic liquid with the core compound (BTH) will help to elucidate the mode of action of ionic liquid derivatives in plant resistance induction. To this end, two RNA-type viruses from different families were tested: tomato mosaic virus (ToMV, Virgaviridae) and potato virus Y (PVY, Potyviridae). The most affected processes presented in the results were: photosynthesis, regulation of oxidative stress, metabolism of glutathione and chitin, cell wall reorganization. The increased impact on the regulation of primary metabolism in inducer-treated plants (both for BTH and cholinium ionic liquid derivative). The response to ToMV and PVY was more intense when infected plants were pre-treated with inducers. The increased abundances of defense priming proteins with changes in cell wall organization may block virus transport from infected spots to other tissue of the host plant so that the losses caused by the disease will be lower.

Project description:Background: The investigation of extremophile plant species growing in their natural environment offers certain advantages, chiefly that plants adapted to severe habitats have a repertoire of stress tolerance genes that are regulated to maximize plant performance under physiologically challenging conditions. Accordingly, transcriptome sequencing offers a powerful approach to address questions concerning the influence of natural habitat on the physiology of an organism. We used RNA sequencing of Eutrema salsuginuem, an extremophile relative of Arabidopsis thaliana, to investigate the extent to which genetic variation and controlled versus natural environments contribute to differences between transcript profiles. Results: Using 10 million cDNA reads, we compared transcriptomes from two natural Eutrema accessions (originating from Yukon Territory, Canada and Shandong Province, China) grown under controlled conditions in cabinets and those from Yukon plants collected at a Yukon field site. We assessed the genetic heterogeneity between individuals using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the expression patterns of 27,016 genes. Over 39,000 SNPs distinguish the Yukon from the Shandong accessions but only 4,475 SNPs differentiated transcriptomes of Yukon field plants from an inbred Yukon line. We found 2,898 genes that were differentially expressed between the three sample groups and multivariate statistical analyses showed that transcriptomes of individual plants from a Yukon field site were as reproducible as those from inbred plants grown under controlled conditions. Predicted functions based upon gene ontology classifications show that the transcriptomes of field plants were enriched by the differential expression of light- and stress-related genes, an observation consistent with the habitat where the plants were found. Conclusion: Our expectation that comparative RNA-Seq analysis of transcriptomes from plants originating in natural habitats would be confounded by uncontrolled genetic and environmental factors was not borne out. Moreover, the transcriptome data shows little genetic variation between laboratory Yukon Eutrema plants and those found at a field site. Transcriptomes were reproducible and biological associations meaningful whether plants were grown in cabinets or found in the field. Thus RNA-Seq is a valuable approach to study native plants in natural environments and this technology can be exploited to discover new gene targets for improved crop performance under adverse conditions. Funding Acknowledgement: This work was sponsored by an Ontario Research Fund-Research Excellence award 03-043 to EAW and RKC with support from by Viterra Inc. and Sigma-Aldrich.

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Plants grow in lunar regolith

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