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Acquired semi-squamalization during chemotherapy suggests a differentiation therapy for bladder cancer

ABSTRACT: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the most common treatment for unresectable bladder cancers and also increasingly used as neoadjuvant treatments before or after surgery and radiotherapy. Unfortunately, though many patients respond to the treatment, most of them develop resistance quickly with unclear mechanisms and few further treatment options. Here, we report that semi-squamazation is acquired during chemo treatment in both mice and human. Multi-omics analyses show that cathepsin H (CTSH), a direct target of p63, is associated with chemoresistance and semi-squamation. Treatment with the cathepsin inhibitor E64 specifically restrains chemoresistant but not chemosensitive cancer. Mechanistically, cathepsin inhibition induces fully squamous differentiation of bladder cancer cells, which requires TNF receptor 1alpha and is associated with pyroptosis. Our study suggests that semi-squamazation would be a diagnosistic marker for chemoresistance and differentiation therapy by targeting CTSH might be a potential treatment for chemoresistant bladder cancer.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE192575 | GEO | 2022/07/09

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Multiple DNA methylation changes have been associated with the acquisition of drug resistance; however it remains uncertain how many of these changes may represent critical DNA methylation drivers of chemoresistance. Using genome-wide DNA methylation profiling across 27,578 CpG sites on Illumina HumanMethylation27 bead array we identified loci at 4092 genes becoming hypermethylated in the chemoresistant A2780/cp70 ovarian tumour cell line compared to the parental sensitive A2780 line. Hypermethylation at CpG islands (CGI) is often associated with transcriptional silencing, however only 245 of these hypermethylated genes become down-regulated in A2780/cp70 as measured by microarray expression profiling. Treatment with the demethylating agent Decitabine induces re-sensitisation to cisplatin and resulted in re-expression of 41 of the down-regulated genes in cisplatin-resistant cells at the time point when re-sensitisation occurs. 13 of the 41 genes were consistently hypermethylated in two further independent cisplatin-resistant A2780 cell derivatives. Nine out of the 13 genes (ARHGDIB, ARMCX2, COL1A, FLNA, FLNC, MEST, MLH1, NTS, PSMB9) acquired methylation at CpG sites in ovarian tumours at relapse following chemotherapy or chemoresistant cell lines derived at the time of patient relapse. Furthermore, 5/13 candidate genes acquired methylation in drug-resistant in vivo-derived ovarian cancer sustaining (side population) cells. Therefore, this small set of genes are potential key drivers of chemoresistance and should be further evaluated as predictive biomarkers, both to existing chemotherapies, but also to epigenetic therapies used to modulate drug resistance. Array-based methylation profiling was performed using the Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip in two cisplatin sensitive cell lines and three cisplatin resistant cell lines derived in vitro, four pairs of cisplatin sensitive and resistant cell lines derived in vivo, 7 pairs of tumour tissues obtained from patients before chemotherapy and at disease relapse, 2 pairs of IGROV1 SP and NSP cells. The reproducibility of the Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChips was evaluated using biological and technical replicates of matched chemosensitive/chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell lines PEO1/PEO4. Differential methylation cutoff was estimated from two biological replicates by bootstrap resampling.

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Acquired semi-squamalization during chemotherapy suggests a differentiation therapy for bladder cancer

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