Cytokine drivers and contributing immune cells of dexamethasone-treatable vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory pathology in COVID-19 hamsters
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Mesocricetus auratus
PROVIDER: GSE196938 | GEO | 2022/02/20
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Since December 2019, the novel human Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally, causing millions of deaths. Unprecedented efforts have enabled development and authorization of a range of vaccines, which reduce transmission rates and confer protection against the associated disease COVID-19. These vaccines are conceptually diverse, including e.g. classical adjuvanted whole-inactivated virus, viral vectors, and mRNA vaccines. We have analysed two prototypic model vaccines, the strongly TH1-biased measles vaccine-derived candidate MeVvac2-SARS2-S(H) and a TH2-biased Alum-adjuvanted, non-stabilized Spike protein side-by-side, for their ability to protect Syrian hamsters upon challenge with a low-passage SARS-CoV-2 patient isolate. The MeVvac2-SARS2-S(H) vaccine protected the hamsters from severe disease. In contrast, the protein vaccine induced vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) with massive infiltration of eosinophils into the lungs. Global RNA-Seq analysis of hamster lungs revealed reduced viral RNA and less host dysregulation in MeVvac2-SARS2-S(H) vaccinated animals, while S protein vaccination triggered enhanced host gene dysregulation when compared to unvaccinated control animals. Of note, mRNAs encoding the major eosinophil attractant CCL-11, the TH2 response-driving cytokine IL-19, as well as TH2-cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were exclusively up-regulated in the lungs of S protein vaccinated animals, consistent with previously described VAERD induced by RSV vaccine candidates. IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were also up-regulated in S-specific splenocytes after protein vaccination. Using scRNA-Seq, T cells and innate lymphoid cells were identified as the source of these cytokines, while CCL11 and IL-19 mRNAs was found in interstitial macrophages displaying an activated phenotype. Interestingly, the amount of viral reads in this macrophage population correlated with the abundance of Fc-receptor reads. These findings suggest that VAERD is triggered by induction of TH2-type helper cells secreting IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, together with stimulation of macrophages dependent on Fc-receptor mediated uptake of virus complexed with non-neutralizing antibodies. Via this mechanism, uncontrolled eosinophil recruitment to the infected tissue occurs, a hallmark of VAERD immunopathogenesis. These effects could effectively be treated using dexamethasone and were not observed in animals vaccinated with MeVvac2-SARS2-S(H). Taken together, our data validate the potential for, and identify the transcriptional mediators that underlie VAERD and their cellular origins, in the context of protein-based TH2-biased COVID-19 vaccines. Dexamethasone, which is already in use for treatment of severe COVID-19, may alleviate such VAERD, but in-depth scrutiny of any next-generation protein-based vaccine candidates is required, prior and after their regulatory approval.
2022-02-08 | GSE195939 | GEO
Project description:Norovirus (NoV) virus-like particles (VLPs) adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (Alum) are common vaccine candidates in clinical studies. Alum adjuvants usually inefficiently assist recombinant proteins to induce cellular immune responses. Thus, novel adjuvants are required to develop NoV vaccines that could induce both efficient humoral and robust cellular immune responses. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are well-known mRNA delivery vehicles. Increasing evidence suggests that LNPs may have intrinsic adjuvant activity and can be used as adjuvants for recombinant protein vaccines; however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we compared the adjuvant effect of LNPs and Alum for a bivalent GI.1/GII.4 NoV VLP vaccine. Compared with Alum, LNP-adjuvanted vaccines induced earlier production of binding, blocking and neutralizing antibodies and promoted a more balanced IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. It is crucial that LNP-adjuvanted vaccines induced stronger Th1-type cytokine-producing CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell responses than Alum. The adjuvant activity of LNPs depended on the ionizable lipid components. Mechanistically, LNPs activated innate immune responses in a type I IFN-dependent manner and were partially dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, thus affecting the adaptive immune responses of the vaccine. This conclusion was supported by RNA-seq analysis and in vitro cell experiments and by the deeply blunted T cell responses in IFNαR1−/− mice immunized with LNP-adjuvanted vaccines. This study not only identified LNPs as a high quality adjuvant for NoV VLP vaccines, but also clarified the underlying mechanism of LNPs as a potent immunostimulatory component for improving protein subunit vaccines.
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Project description:Syrian golden hamsters exhibit features of severe disease after SARS-CoV-2 challenge and are therefore useful models of COVID-19 pathogenesis and prevention with vaccines. Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulates type I interferon, myeloid, and inflammatory signatures similar to human disease, and that weight loss can be prevented with vaccines. However, the impact of vaccination on transcriptional programs associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis and protective adaptive immune responses is unknown. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 challenge in hamsters stimulates myeloid and inflammatory programs as well as signatures of complement and thrombosis associated with human COVID-19. Notably, single-dose immunization with Ad26.COV2.S, an adenovirus serotype 26 vector (Ad26)-based vaccine expressing a stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, prevents the upregulation of these pathways such that the gene expression profiles of vaccinated hamsters are comparable to uninfected animals. Furthermore, we validated the protective efficacy of the Ad26.COV2.S against proinflammatory pathways and coagulation cascade in rhesus macaques by proteomics. Finally, we show that Ad26.COV2.S vaccination induces T and B cell signatures that correlate with binding and neutralizing antibody responses. These data provide further insights into the mechanisms of Ad26.COV2.S based protection against severe COVID-19 in hamsters.
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Project description:The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, capable of escaping the humoral immunity acquired by the available vaccines, together with waning immunity and vaccine hesitancy, challenges the efficacy of the vaccination strategy in fighting COVID-19. Improved therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to better intervene particularly in severe cases of the disease. They should aim at controlling the hyper-inflammatory state generated upon infection, reducing lung tissue pathology, and inhibiting viral replication. Previous research has pointed to a possible role for the chaperone HSP90 in SARS-CoV-2 replication and COVID-19 pathogenesis. Pharmacological intervention through HSP90 inhibitors was shown to be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, infections and reducing replication of diverse viruses. In this study, we investigated the effects of the potent HSP90 inhibitor Ganetespib in vitro on alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages to characterize its effects on cell activation and viral replication. Additionally, the Syrian hamster animal model was used to evaluate its efficacy in controlling systemic inflammation and viral burden after infection in vivo. In vitro, Ganetespib reduced viral replication on alveolar epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner and lowered significantly the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, in both alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. In vivo, although no reduction in viral load was observed, administration of Ganetespib led to an overall improvement of the clinical condition of infected animals, with decreased systemic inflammation, reduced edema formation and lung tissue pathology. Altogether, we show that Ganetespib could be a potential treatment option for moderate and severe cases of COVID-19.
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