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Prolyl endopeptidase-mediated transcriptional regulation in quiescent and activated bone marrow-derived macrophages (CUT&Tag)

ABSTRACT: Liver fibrosis, a pathogical change commonly existing in various chronic liver diseases, can ultimately develop into life-threatening liver cirrhosis, but effective antifibrotic therapy is absent due to limited understanding of fibrogenic process. The characteristic fibrotic scar in fibrosis is stiff and disorganized extracellular matrix (ECM) yielded by ECM remodeling, a pathogenic process with vigorous participation of aberrantly activated macrophages. Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) is a dipeptidyl peptidase that possess both proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions. Using Prep knockout mouse, we found aggravated liver fibrosis in a NASH-related fibrosis murine model, as well as significantly altered transcriptome by in vitro M1/M2 polarization in primary macrophages after PREP ablation. Most importantly, a PREP-mediated direct transcriptional regulation to active cis-regulatory genomic regions was identified for the first time as a novel non-proteolytic function of PREP, based on significant nuclear localization of PREP and CUT&Tag-seq results. Among the PREP-downstream genes, Ctsb and Ctsd, genes encoding ECM remodeling-related profibrogenic cathepsin B and D respectively, were excessively expressed in PREP-ablated macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicates that PREP is a newly found transcriptional regulator in macrophage, and is a promising therapeutic target for fibrosis-related aberrant macrophage activation.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE213049 | GEO | 2023/08/09

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Liver fibrosis is a hard-to-treat disease with liver transplantation as only effective curation to this date. During disease progression, immune suppressive macrophages dominate and support fibrosis formation by replacement of functional parenchyma with collagen-dominating scare tissue. To alter the macrophage behavior, a pH-degradable, nanogel-based delivery system was developed for the covalent conjugation of the clinically approved bisphosphonate alendronate. The nanocarrier mediates the drugs’ delivery into hepatic nonparenchymal cells after intravenous administration and, thereby, triggers a macrophage repolarization against fibrosis progression. This approach may provide a significant contribution to establish further nanotherapeutic delivery strategies to effectively treat liver fibrosis. Immune suppressive macrophages contribute to the progression of several diseases including cancer and fibrosis. Especially in chronically damaged liver tissues they trigger the replacement of functional parenchyma by collagen-dominating scare tissue. In this study, we aimed to intervene into this cascade by repolarizing the macrophage phenotype via a pH-degradable, squaric ester-based nanogel carrier system. This nanotechnology platform enables a selective covalent conjugation of the highly water-soluble bisphosphonate alendronate and, thus, its safe and efficient delivery to hepatic nonparenchymal cells of fibrotic livers after intravenous administration. The bisphosphonate triggers a reprogramming of profibrotic M2- towards antifibrotic M1-phenotype macrophages affording an fibrolytic outcome, as verified both on mRNA and protein level. Further insights by genomic and proteomic studies confirm the macrophages’ repolarization and thus corroborate the virtue of the nanogels as biocompatible nanocarrier platform for hepatotropic bisphosphonate delivery. Beyond preventing liver fibrosis progression, these nanogels may therefore represent an attractive device for further nanotherapeutic interventions in M2-type macrophage dominating diseases.

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Prolyl endopeptidase-mediated transcriptional regulation in quiescent and activated bone marrow-derived macrophages (CUT&Tag)

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